Global Olefins and Aromatics Market
Market Report I 2024-07-01 I 445 Pages I Data Bridge Market Research
The global olefins and aromatics market is expected to reach USD 899.46 billion by 2031 from USD 617.56 billion in 2023, growing with a substantial CAGR of 4.94% in the forecast period of 2024 to 2031.
Market Segmentation:
Global Olefins and Aromatics Market, By Product (Ethylene, Propylene, Xylene, Benzene, Toluene, and Butadiene), Vertical (Packaging, Building and Construction, Automotive, Electronics and Electricals, Household, Healthcare, Agriculture, and Others), Countries (U.S., Canada, Mexico, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand, Myanmar, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, rest of Asia-Pacific, Germany, Italy, Russia, France, Spain, Poland, U.K., Belgium, Netherlands, Turkey, Luxemburg, rest of Europe, Brazil, Argentina, rest of South America, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., South Africa, Egypt, Israel, and rest of Middle East and Africa) - Industry Trends and Forecast To 2031
Overview of Global Olefins and Aromatics Market Dynamics:
Drivers
- Growing demand for olefins in various end-use industries
- Rise in demand for aromatic compounds by the paints & coatings industry
Restraint
- Volatility in raw material prices
Opportunity
- Advancements and innovations in production technologies and methods
Market Players:
The key players operating in the global olefins and aromatics market market are:
- Exxon Mobil Corporation
- Shell plc
- Repsol
- SABIC
- PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited
- INEOS
- Braskem
- Sasol
- Dow
- NOVA Chemicals Corporate
- Idemitsu Kosan Co.,Ltd.
- PJSC SIBUR Holding
- PETRONAS Chemicals Group
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC
- LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V.
- ORLEN
- Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation
- Gadiv Petrochemical Industries (A subsidiaries of Bazan Group)
- Evonik Industries AG
- TPC Group
1 INTRODUCTION 40
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 40
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 40
1.3 OVERVIEW 40
1.4 LIMITATIONS 41
1.5 MARKETS COVERED 41
2 MARKET SEGMENTATION 47
2.1 MARKETS COVERED 47
2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE 48
2.3 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 49
2.4 CURRENCY AND PRICING 49
2.5 DBMR TRIPOD DATA VALIDATION MODEL 50
2.6 MULTIVARIATE MODELING 53
2.7 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS WITH KEY OPINION LEADERS 54
2.8 DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID 55
2.9 DBMR VENDOR SHARE ANALYSIS 56
2.10 SECONDARY SOURCES 57
2.11 ASSUMPTIONS 58
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 59
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 65
4.1 PESTEL ANALYSIS 67
4.1.1 POLITICAL FACTORS 67
4.1.2 ECONOMIC FACTORS 67
4.1.3 SOCIAL FACTORS 67
4.1.4 TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS 68
4.1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 68
4.1.6 LEGAL FACTORS 68
4.2 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES 69
4.2.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 69
4.2.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 69
4.2.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 70
4.2.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 70
4.2.5 INDUSTRY RIVALRY 70
4.3 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 71
4.3.1 RAW MATERIAL EXTRACTION 71
4.3.2 FEEDSTOCK PROCESSING 71
4.3.3 OLEFIN AND AROMATIC PRODUCTION 71
4.3.4 DERIVATIVES PRODUCTION 72
4.3.5 POLYMER PRODUCTION 72
4.3.6 DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING AND FABRICATION 72
4.3.7 DISTRIBUTION AND RETAIL 72
4.3.8 END-USER APPLICATIONS 72
4.4 VENDOR SELECTION CRITERIA 73
4.4.1 QUALITY AND CONSISTENCY OF SUPPLY 73
4.4.2 RELIABILITY AND TIMELINESS 74
4.4.3 COST COMPETITIVENESS 74
4.4.4 TECHNICAL CAPABILITY AND INNOVATION 74
4.4.5 REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY 74
4.4.6 FINANCIAL STABILITY 74
4.4.7 CUSTOMER SERVICE AND SUPPORT 74
4.5 COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND PROMOTE THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY 75
4.5.1 KEY AREAS OF COLLABORATION 75
4.5.1.1 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS: 75
4.5.1.2 INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION: 75
4.5.1.3 INDUSTRY COLLABORATION: 75
4.5.1.4 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: 75
4.5.2 INSTANCES OF SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVES 75
4.5.2.1 THE ELLEN MACARTHUR FOUNDATION: 75
4.5.2.2 CIRCULAR CITIES: 75
4.5.2.3 GLOBAL RECYCLING DAY: 76
4.5.3 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 76
4.5.3.1 CHALLENGES: 76
4.5.3.2 OPPORTUNITIES: 76
4.6 ASIA-PACIFIC AND SOUTH EAST ASIA PRODUCTION PROJECTIONS FOR OLEFINS AND AROMATICS 77
4.6.1 INCREASING PRODUCTION PROJECTIONS FOR OLEFINS 77
4.6.2 FACTORS BEHIND INCREASING OLEFIN PRODUCTION 77
4.6.3 INCREASING PRODUCTION PROJECTIONS FOR AROMATICS 78
4.6.4 FACTORS BEHIND INCREASING AROMATIC PRODUCTION 78
4.7 PRICE ANALYSIS SCENARIO 80
4.7.1 RAW MATERIALS PRICE ANALYSIS 80
4.7.2 NAPHTHA 80
4.7.3 CRUDE OIL 80
4.7.4 NATURAL GAS 81
4.7.5 COAL 82
4.8 PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS 83
4.9 MANUFACTURING COST SCENARIO 84
4.9.1 FUTURE IMPACT ON MARKET SHARE 84
4.10 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF OLEFINS 85
4.11 MARKET CHANGES/CURRENT EVENTS 86
4.12 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 88
4.13 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 90
4.13.1 OVERVIEW 90
4.13.2 LOGISTIC COST SCENARIO 90
4.13.3 IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDERS 90
4.14 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION 91
4.15 THE IMPACT OF REGIONAL PRODUCTION CAPACITIES ON GLOBAL PLASTIC SUPPLY CHAINS 92
4.16 THE NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION PRACTICES AND INVESTMENTS IN RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES 94
4.17 UPCOMING PLASTIC TREATY NEGOTIATIONS 96
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 99
5.1 DRIVERS 100
5.1.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR OLEFINS IN VARIOUS END-USE INDUSTRIES 100
5.1.2 RISE IN DEMAND FOR AROMATIC COMPOUNDS BY THE PAINTS & COATINGS INDUSTRY 101
5.1.3 ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EMERGING MARKETS 102
5.2 RESTRAINTS 103
5.2.1 VOLATILITY IN RAW MATERIAL PRICES 103
5.2.2 EASY AVAILABILITY OF SUBSTITUTES 104
5.3 OPPORTUNITIES 105
5.3.1 ADVANCEMENTS AND INNOVATIONS IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND METHODS 105
5.3.2 RISING FOCUS ON SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS 106
5.3.3 STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS AND MERGERS 108
5.4 CHALLENGES 109
5.4.1 COMPLIANCE WITH STRINGENT REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS 109
5.4.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS OWING TO HAZARDOUS NATURE OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS 110
6 GLOBAL OLEFINS AND AROMATICS MARKET, BY PRODUCT 112
6.1 OVERVIEW 113
6.2 ETHYLENE 115
6.2.1 ETHYLENE, BY APPLICATION 115
6.3 PROPYLENE 116
6.3.1 PROPYLENE, BY APPLICATION 116
6.4 XYLENE 117
6.5 BENZENE 117
6.5.1 BENZENE, BY APPLICATION 118
6.6 TOLUENE 118
6.6.1 TOLUENE, BY APPLICATION 119
6.7 BUTADIENE 119
6.7.1 BUTADIENE, BY APPLICATION 120
7 GLOBAL OLEFINS AND AROMATICS MARKET, BY VERTICAL 121
7.1 OVERVIEW 122
7.2 PACKAGING 123
7.2.1 PACKAGING, BY CATEGORY 124
7.3 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 124
7.3.1 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION, BY CATEGORY 125
7.4 AUTOMOTIVE 125
7.4.1 AUTOMOTIVE, BY CATEGORY 126
7.5 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICALS 126
7.6 HOUSEHOLD 127
7.7 HEALTHCARE 127
7.8 AGRICULTURE 128
7.8.1 AGRICULTURE, BY CATEGORY 128
7.8.1.1 CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS, BY CATEGORY 129
7.9 OTHERS 129
8 GLOBAL OLEFINS AND AROMATICS MARKET, BY REGION 130
8.1 OVERVIEW 131
8.2 ASIA-PACIFIC 134
8.2.1 CHINA 143
8.2.2 INDIA 149
8.2.3 JAPAN 155
8.2.4 SOUTH KOREA 161
8.2.5 THAILAND 167
8.2.6 INDONESIA 173
8.2.7 MALAYSIA 179
8.2.8 PHILIPPINES 185
8.2.9 SINGAPORE 191
8.2.10 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 197
8.2.11 MYANMAR 203
8.2.12 BRUNEI 209
8.2.13 CAMBODIA 215
8.2.14 LAOS 221
8.2.15 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC 227
8.3 NORTH AMERICA 228
8.3.1 U.S. 234
8.3.2 CANADA 238
8.3.3 MEXICO 242
8.4 EUROPE 246
8.4.1 GERMANY 255
8.4.2 ITALY 261
8.4.3 RUSSIA 267
8.4.4 FRANCE 273
8.4.5 SPAIN 279
8.4.6 POLAND 285
8.4.7 U.K. 291
8.4.8 BELGIUM 297
8.4.9 NETHERLANDS 303
8.4.10 TURKEY 309
8.4.11 LUXEMBURG 315
8.4.12 REST OF EUROPE 321
8.5 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA 322
8.5.1 SAUDI ARABIA 330
8.5.2 U.A.E. 336
8.5.3 SOUTH AFRICA 342
8.5.4 EGYPT 348
8.5.5 ISRAEL 354
8.5.6 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA 360
8.6 SOUTH AMERICA 361
8.6.1 BRAZIL 369
8.6.2 ARGENTINA 375
8.6.3 REST OF SOUTH AMERICA 381
9 GLOBAL OLEFINS AND AROMATICS MARKET: COMPANY LANDSCAPE 382
9.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: GLOBAL 382
9.2 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: ASIA-PACIFIC 383
9.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: NORTH AMERICA 384
9.4 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: EUROPE 385
10 SWOT ANALYSIS 386
11 COMPANY PROFILE 387
11.1 EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION 387
11.1.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 387
11.1.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 387
11.1.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 388
11.1.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 388
11.1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 388
11.2 SHELL PLC 390
11.2.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 390
11.2.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 390
11.2.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 391
11.2.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 391
11.2.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 393
11.3 REPSOL 394
11.3.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 394
11.3.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 394
11.3.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 395
11.3.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 395
11.3.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 396
11.4 SABIC 398
11.4.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 398
11.4.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 398
11.4.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 399
11.4.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 399
11.4.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 400
11.5 PTT GLOBAL CHEMICAL PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED 401
11.5.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 401
11.5.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 401
11.5.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 402
11.5.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 402
11.5.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 403
11.6 BRASKEM 404
11.6.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 404
11.6.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 404
11.6.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 405
11.6.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 405
11.7 CHEVRON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL COMPANY LLC 407
11.7.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 407
11.7.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 407
11.7.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 408
11.7.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 409
11.8 DOW 411
11.8.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 411
11.8.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 411
11.8.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 412
11.8.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 412
11.9 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG 413
11.9.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 413
11.9.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 413
11.9.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 414
11.9.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 414
11.10 GADIV PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (A SUBSIDIARY OF BAZAN GROUP) 415
11.10.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 415
11.10.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 415
11.10.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 415
11.11 IDEMITSU KOSAN CO., LTD. 416
11.11.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 416
11.11.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 416
11.11.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 417
11.11.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 417
11.12 INEOS 419
11.12.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 419
11.12.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 419
11.12.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 421
11.13 LYONDELLBASELL INDUSTRIES HOLDING B.V. 422
11.13.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 422
11.13.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 422
11.13.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 423
11.13.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 423
11.14 MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL GROUP CORPORATION 425
11.14.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 425
11.14.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 425
11.14.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 426
11.14.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 427
11.15 NOVA CHEMICALS CORPORATE 428
11.15.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 428
11.15.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 428
11.15.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 429
11.15.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 430
11.16 ORLEN 431
11.16.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 431
11.16.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 431
11.16.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 432
11.16.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 434
11.17 PETRONAS CHEMICALS GROUP 435
11.17.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 435
11.17.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 435
11.17.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 436
11.17.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 436
11.18 PJSC SIBUR HOLDING 437
11.18.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 437
11.18.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 437
11.18.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 437
11.19 SASOL 438
11.19.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 438
11.19.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 438
11.19.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 439
11.19.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 439
11.20 TPC GROUP 440
11.20.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 440
11.20.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 440
11.20.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 440
12 QUESTIONNAIRE 442
13 RELATED REPORTS 445
11.14.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 425
11.14.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 426
11.14.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 427
11.15 NOVA CHEMICALS CORPORATE 428
11.15.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 428
11.15.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 428
11.15.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 429
11.15.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 430
11.16 ORLEN 431
11.16.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 431
11.16.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 431
11.16.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 432
11.16.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 434
11.17 PETRONAS CHEMICALS GROUP 435
11.17.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 435
11.17.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 435
11.17.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 436
11.17.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 436
11.18 PJSC SIBUR HOLDING 437
11.18.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 437
11.18.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 437
11.18.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 437
11.19 SASOL 438
11.19.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 438
11.19.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 438
11.19.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 439
11.19.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 439
11.20 TPC GROUP 440
11.20.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 440
11.20.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 440
11.20.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 440
12 QUESTIONNAIRE 442
13 RELATED REPORTS 445
Content is provided by our partners and every effort is made to make Market Report details as clear as possible. If you are not sure the exact content you require is included in this study you can Contact us to double check. To do this you can:
Use the ‘? ASK A QUESTION’ below the license / prices and to the right of this box. This will come directly to our team who will work on dealing with your request as soon as possible.
Write to directly on support@scotts-international.com with details. Please include as much information as possible including the name of report or link so our staff will be able to work on you request.
Telephone us directly on 0048 603 394 346 and an experienced member of team will be on hand to answer.
With the vast majority of our partners we can obtain Sample Pages to support your decision. This is something we can arrange without revealing your personal details.
It is important to note that we will not be able to provide you the exact data or statistics such as Market Size and Forecasts. Sample pages usually confirm the layout or the Categories included in Charts and Graphs, excluding specific data.
To ask for Sample Pages by contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
Whilst we try to make our online platform as easy to use as possible there is always the possibility that a better alternative has not been found in your search.
To avoid this possibility Contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346 and a Senior Team Member can review your requirements and send a list of possibilities with opinions and recommendations.
All prices are set by our partners and should be exactly the same as those listed on their own websites. We work on a Revenue share basis ensuring that you never pay more than what is offered elsewhere.
Should you find the price cheaper on another platform we recommend you to Contact us as we should be able to match this price. You can Contact us though through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
As we work in close partnership with our Partners from time to time we can secure discounts and assist with negotiations, this is part of our personalised service to you.
Discounts can sometimes be arranged for speedily placed orders; multiple report purchases or Higher License purchases.
To check if a Discount is possible please Contact our experienced team through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
Most Market Reports on our platform are listed in USD or EURO based on the wishes of our Partners. To avoid currency fluctuations and potential price differentiations we do not offer the possibility to change the currency online.
Should you wish to pay in a different currency to that advertised online we do accept payments in USD, EURO, GBP and PLN. The price will be calculated based on the relevant exchange rate taken from our National Bank.
To pay in a different above currency to that advertised online please Contact our team and a quotation will be sent within a couple of hours with payment details.
License options vary from Partner to Partner as is usually based on the number of Users that will benefitting from the report. It is very important that License ordered is not breached as this could have potential negative consequences for you individually or your employer.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
The Global Site License is the most comprehensive license available. By selecting this license, the Market Report can be shared with other ‘Allowed Users’ and any other member of staff from the same organisation regardless of geographic location.
It is important to note that this may exclude Parent Companies or Subsidiaries.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
The most common format is PDF, however in certain circumstances data may be present in Excel format or Online, especially in the case of Database or Directories. In addition, for certain higher license options a CD may also be provided.
If you have questions or need clarification about the specific formats we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
Delivery is fulfilled by our partners directly. Once an order has been placed we inform the partner by sharing the delivery email details given in the order process.
Delivery is usually made within 24 hours of an order being placed, however it may take longer should your order be placed prior to the weekend or if otherwise specified on the Market Report details page. Additionally, if details have been not fully completed in the Order process a delay in delivery is possible.
If a delay in delivery is expected you will be informed about it immediately.
As most Market Reports are delivered in PDF format we almost never have to add additional Shipping Charges. If, however you are ordering a Higher License service or a specific delivery format (e.g. CD version) charges may apply.
If you are concerned about additional Shipping Charges we recommend you to Contact us to double check.
We work in Partnership with PayU to ensure payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way. PayU is the e-payments division of Naspers.
Naspers operates in over 133 International Markets and ranks 3rd Globally in terms of the number of e-commerce customers served.
For more information on PayU please visit: https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us
If you require an invoice prior to payment, this is possible. To ensure a speedy delivery of the Market Report we require all relevant company details and you agree to maximum payment terms of 30 days from receipt of order.
With our regular clients deliver of the Market Report can be made prior to receiving payment, however in some circumstances we may ask for payment to be received before arranging for the Market Report to be delivered.
We have specifically partnered with leading International companies to protect your privacy by using different technologies and processes to ensure security.
Everything submitted to Scotts International is encrypted via SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and all personal information provided to Scotts International is stored on computer systems with limited access in controlled environments.
We partner with PayU (https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us) to ensure all credit card payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way.
PayU offers 250+ various payment channels and eWallet services across 4 continents allowing buyers to pay electronically, whether on a computer or a mobile device.