Car Manufacturing Market Summary, Competitive Analysis and Forecast to 2027
Industry Report I 2023-06-30 I 267 Pages I MarketLine
Car Manufacturing Market Summary, Competitive Analysis and Forecast to 2027
Summary
Global Car Manufacturing industry profile provides top-line qualitative and quantitative summary information including: market share, Industry size (value and volume 2018-22, and forecast to 2027). The profile also contains descriptions of the leading players including key financial metrics and analysis of competitive pressures within the Industry.
Key Highlights
- The passenger cars manufacturers market value is calculated in terms of manufacturer selling price (MSP), and excludes all taxes and levies.
- The volume represents the quantity of completely built up (CBU) cars in a particular country/region.
- Passenger cars are defined as motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the transport of passengers, and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat. The market includes both petrol and diesel passenger cars, as well as hybrid and electric.
- Passenger cars include mini, small, medium, large, exclusive and luxury cars, as well as mini, compact, mid and full size SUV/crossover. The compact, small and large MPVs and mini, compact, mid and full size pickups are included as are sport coupe cars. In our segmentation we have grouped the market into 4 groups, namely, Cars, Pickups, SUV and MPV. Cars include: all passenger cars, mini, small, medium, large, exclusive, luxury cars as well as sporty cars. Pickups include: small vans or light duty truck that has enclosed cabin with low sides. SUV includes: Multi-Passenger Sport Utility Vehicle with body-on-frame construction with a body mounted to a ladder frame. These also include crossovers and are generally rear-wheel drive(RWD). MPV includes: Large, tall car whose seats could be moved or removed to make space for carrying loads. Any sort of light or heavy commercial vehicles e.g. vans or HGVs are excluded.
- Market shares refer to the volume of built units in a particular country in the respective calendar year. Note that this is representative of the number of cars manufactured.
- All market data and forecasts are represented in nominal terms (i.e., without adjustment for inflation) and all currency conversions used in the creation of this report have been calculated using constant 2022 annual average exchange rates.
- The global Car Manufacturing industry had total revenues of $1,184.4 billion in 2022, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 0.3% between 2017 and 2022.
- Industry consumption volumes declined with a negative CAGR of 3% between 2017 and 2022, reaching a total of 73.5 million units in 2022.
- The growth in value of the global car manufacturing industry was due to an increased demand for new cars. The new car registrations in China, the US, and France in 2022 stood at over 21.4 million, 3.3 million, and 1.7 million units respectively.
Scope
- Save time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the size, growth, major segments, and leading players in the global car manufacturing Industry
- Use the Five Forces analysis to determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of the global car manufacturing Industry
- Leading company profiles reveal details of key car manufacturing Industry players' global operations and financial performance
- Add weight to presentations and pitches by understanding the future growth prospects of the global car manufacturing Industry with five year forecasts by both value and volume
Reasons to Buy
- What was the size of the global car manufacturing Industry by value in 2022?
- What will be the size of the global car manufacturing Industry in 2027?
- What factors are affecting the strength of competition in the global car manufacturing Industry?
- How has the Industry performed over the last five years?
- Who are the top competitors in the global car manufacturing Industry?
Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1. Market value
1.2. Market value forecast
1.3. Market volume
1.4. Market volume forecast
1.5. Category segmentation
1.6. Geography segmentation
1.7. Market share
1.8. Competitive landscape
2 Introduction
2.1. What is this report about?
2.2. Who is the target reader?
2.3. How to use this report
2.4. Definitions
3 Global Car Manufacturing
3.1. Market Overview
3.2. Market Data
3.3. Market Segmentation
3.4. Market outlook
3.5. Five forces analysis
4 Macroeconomic Indicators
4.1. Country data
5 Car Manufacturing in Asia-Pacific
5.1. Market Overview
5.2. Market Data
5.3. Market Segmentation
5.4. Market outlook
5.5. Five forces analysis
6 Car Manufacturing in Europe
6.1. Market Overview
6.2. Market Data
6.3. Market Segmentation
6.4. Market outlook
6.5. Five forces analysis
7 Macroeconomic Indicators
7.1. Country data
8 Car Manufacturing in Japan
8.1. Market Overview
8.2. Market Data
8.3. Market Segmentation
8.4. Market outlook
8.5. Five forces analysis
9 Macroeconomic Indicators
9.1. Country data
10 Car Manufacturing in The United Kingdom
10.1. Market Overview
10.2. Market Data
10.3. Market Segmentation
10.4. Market outlook
10.5. Five forces analysis
11 Macroeconomic Indicators
11.1. Country data
12 Car Manufacturing in The United States
12.1. Market Overview
12.2. Market Data
12.3. Market Segmentation
12.4. Market outlook
12.5. Five forces analysis
13 Macroeconomic Indicators
13.1. Country data
14 Car Manufacturing in France
14.1. Market Overview
14.2. Market Data
14.3. Market Segmentation
14.4. Market outlook
14.5. Five forces analysis
15 Macroeconomic Indicators
15.1. Country data
16 Car Manufacturing in Germany
16.1. Market Overview
16.2. Market Data
16.3. Market Segmentation
16.4. Market outlook
16.5. Five forces analysis
17 Macroeconomic Indicators
17.1. Country data
18 Company Profiles
18.1. Toyota Motor Corporation
18.2. Volkswagen AG
18.3. Hyundai Motor Company
18.4. General Motors Company
18.5. Stellantis NV
18.6. Renault SA
18.7. Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
18.8. Suzuki Motor Corporation
18.9. Mazda Motor Corporation
18.10. Tata Motors Limited
18.11. Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
18.12. Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
18.13. Tesla, Inc.
18.14. Mercedes-Benz Group AG.
18.15. Ford Motor Company Limited
19 Appendix
19.1. Methodology
19.2. About MarketLine
List of Tables
Table 1: Global car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 2: Global car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Table 3: Global car manufacturing industry category segmentation: % share, by volume, 2017-2022
Table 4: Global car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Table 5: Global car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 6: Global car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Table 7: Global car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 8: Global car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Table 9: Global size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 10: Global gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 11: Global gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 12: Global inflation, 2018-22
Table 13: Global consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 14: Global exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 15: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 16: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Table 17: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry category segmentation: % share, by volume, 2017-2022
Table 18: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Table 19: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 20: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Table 21: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 22: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Table 23: Europe car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 24: Europe car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Table 25: Europe car manufacturing industry category segmentation: % share, by volume, 2017-2022
Table 26: Europe car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Table 27: Europe car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 28: Europe car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Table 29: Europe car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 30: Europe car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Table 31: Europe size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 32: Europe gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 33: Europe gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 34: Europe inflation, 2018-22
Table 35: Europe consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 36: Europe exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 37: Japan car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 38: Japan car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Table 39: Japan car manufacturing industry category segmentation: % share, by volume, 2017-2022
Table 40: Japan car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Table 41: Japan car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 42: Japan car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Table 43: Japan car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 44: Japan car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Table 45: Japan size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 46: Japan gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 47: Japan gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 48: Japan inflation, 2018-22
Table 49: Japan consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 50: Japan exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 51: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 52: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Table 53: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry category segmentation: % share, by volume, 2017-2022
Table 54: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Table 55: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 56: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Table 57: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 58: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Table 59: United Kingdom size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 60: United Kingdom gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 61: United Kingdom gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 62: United Kingdom inflation, 2018-22
Table 63: United Kingdom consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 64: United Kingdom exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 65: United States car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 66: United States car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Table 67: United States car manufacturing industry category segmentation: % share, by volume, 2017-2022
Table 68: United States car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Table 69: United States car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 70: United States car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Table 71: United States car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 72: United States car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Table 73: United States size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 74: United States gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 75: United States gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 76: United States inflation, 2018-22
Table 77: United States consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 78: United States exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 79: France car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 80: France car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Table 81: France car manufacturing industry category segmentation: % share, by volume, 2017-2022
Table 82: France car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Table 83: France car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 84: France car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Table 85: France car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 86: France car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Table 87: France size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 88: France gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 89: France gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 90: France inflation, 2018-22
List of Figures
Figure 1: Global car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 2: Global car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Figure 3: Global car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Figure 4: Global car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 5: Global car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Figure 6: Global car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 7: Global car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Figure 8: Forces driving competition in the global car manufacturing industry, 2022
Figure 9: Drivers of buyer power in the global car manufacturing industry, 2022
Figure 10: Drivers of supplier power in the global car manufacturing industry, 2022
Figure 11: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the global car manufacturing industry, 2022
Figure 12: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the global car manufacturing industry, 2022
Figure 13: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the global car manufacturing industry, 2022
Figure 14: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 15: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Figure 16: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Figure 17: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 18: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Figure 19: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 20: Asia-Pacific car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Figure 21: Forces driving competition in the car manufacturing industry in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 22: Drivers of buyer power in the car manufacturing industry in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 23: Drivers of supplier power in the car manufacturing industry in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 24: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the car manufacturing industry in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 25: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the car manufacturing industry in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 26: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the car manufacturing industry in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 27: Europe car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 28: Europe car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Figure 29: Europe car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Figure 30: Europe car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 31: Europe car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Figure 32: Europe car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 33: Europe car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Figure 34: Forces driving competition in the car manufacturing industry in Europe, 2022
Figure 35: Drivers of buyer power in the car manufacturing industry in Europe, 2022
Figure 36: Drivers of supplier power in the car manufacturing industry in Europe, 2022
Figure 37: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the car manufacturing industry in Europe, 2022
Figure 38: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the car manufacturing industry in Europe, 2022
Figure 39: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the car manufacturing industry in Europe, 2022
Figure 40: Japan car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 41: Japan car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Figure 42: Japan car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Figure 43: Japan car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 44: Japan car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Figure 45: Japan car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 46: Japan car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Figure 47: Forces driving competition in the car manufacturing industry in Japan, 2022
Figure 48: Drivers of buyer power in the car manufacturing industry in Japan, 2022
Figure 49: Drivers of supplier power in the car manufacturing industry in Japan, 2022
Figure 50: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the car manufacturing industry in Japan, 2022
Figure 51: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the car manufacturing industry in Japan, 2022
Figure 52: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the car manufacturing industry in Japan, 2022
Figure 53: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 54: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Figure 55: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Figure 56: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 57: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Figure 58: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 59: United Kingdom car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Figure 60: Forces driving competition in the car manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom, 2022
Figure 61: Drivers of buyer power in the car manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom, 2022
Figure 62: Drivers of supplier power in the car manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom, 2022
Figure 63: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the car manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom, 2022
Figure 64: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the car manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom, 2022
Figure 65: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the car manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom, 2022
Figure 66: United States car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 67: United States car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Figure 68: United States car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Figure 69: United States car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 70: United States car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Figure 71: United States car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 72: United States car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Figure 73: Forces driving competition in the car manufacturing industry in the United States, 2022
Figure 74: Drivers of buyer power in the car manufacturing industry in the United States, 2022
Figure 75: Drivers of supplier power in the car manufacturing industry in the United States, 2022
Figure 76: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the car manufacturing industry in the United States, 2022
Figure 77: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the car manufacturing industry in the United States, 2022
Figure 78: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the car manufacturing industry in the United States, 2022
Figure 79: France car manufacturing industry value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 80: France car manufacturing industry volume: thousand units, 2017-22
Figure 81: France car manufacturing industry category segmentation: thousand units, 2017-2022
Figure 82: France car manufacturing industry geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 83: France car manufacturing industry share: % share, by volume, 2022
Figure 84: France car manufacturing industry value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 85: France car manufacturing industry volume forecast: thousand units, 2022-27
Figure 86: Forces driving competition in the car manufacturing industry in France, 2022
Figure 87: Drivers of buyer power in the car manufacturing industry in France, 2022
Figure 88: Drivers of supplier power in the car manufacturing industry in France, 2022
Figure 89: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the car manufacturing industry in France, 2022
Figure 90: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the car manufacturing industry in France, 2022
Content is provided by our partners and every effort is made to make Market Report details as clear as possible. If you are not sure the exact content you require is included in this study you can Contact us to double check. To do this you can:
Use the ‘? ASK A QUESTION’ below the license / prices and to the right of this box. This will come directly to our team who will work on dealing with your request as soon as possible.
Write to directly on support@scotts-international.com with details. Please include as much information as possible including the name of report or link so our staff will be able to work on you request.
Telephone us directly on 0048 603 394 346 and an experienced member of team will be on hand to answer.
With the vast majority of our partners we can obtain Sample Pages to support your decision. This is something we can arrange without revealing your personal details.
It is important to note that we will not be able to provide you the exact data or statistics such as Market Size and Forecasts. Sample pages usually confirm the layout or the Categories included in Charts and Graphs, excluding specific data.
To ask for Sample Pages by contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
Whilst we try to make our online platform as easy to use as possible there is always the possibility that a better alternative has not been found in your search.
To avoid this possibility Contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346 and a Senior Team Member can review your requirements and send a list of possibilities with opinions and recommendations.
All prices are set by our partners and should be exactly the same as those listed on their own websites. We work on a Revenue share basis ensuring that you never pay more than what is offered elsewhere.
Should you find the price cheaper on another platform we recommend you to Contact us as we should be able to match this price. You can Contact us though through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
As we work in close partnership with our Partners from time to time we can secure discounts and assist with negotiations, this is part of our personalised service to you.
Discounts can sometimes be arranged for speedily placed orders; multiple report purchases or Higher License purchases.
To check if a Discount is possible please Contact our experienced team through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
Most Market Reports on our platform are listed in USD or EURO based on the wishes of our Partners. To avoid currency fluctuations and potential price differentiations we do not offer the possibility to change the currency online.
Should you wish to pay in a different currency to that advertised online we do accept payments in USD, EURO, GBP and PLN. The price will be calculated based on the relevant exchange rate taken from our National Bank.
To pay in a different above currency to that advertised online please Contact our team and a quotation will be sent within a couple of hours with payment details.
License options vary from Partner to Partner as is usually based on the number of Users that will benefitting from the report. It is very important that License ordered is not breached as this could have potential negative consequences for you individually or your employer.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
The Global Site License is the most comprehensive license available. By selecting this license, the Market Report can be shared with other ‘Allowed Users’ and any other member of staff from the same organisation regardless of geographic location.
It is important to note that this may exclude Parent Companies or Subsidiaries.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
The most common format is PDF, however in certain circumstances data may be present in Excel format or Online, especially in the case of Database or Directories. In addition, for certain higher license options a CD may also be provided.
If you have questions or need clarification about the specific formats we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
Delivery is fulfilled by our partners directly. Once an order has been placed we inform the partner by sharing the delivery email details given in the order process.
Delivery is usually made within 24 hours of an order being placed, however it may take longer should your order be placed prior to the weekend or if otherwise specified on the Market Report details page. Additionally, if details have been not fully completed in the Order process a delay in delivery is possible.
If a delay in delivery is expected you will be informed about it immediately.
As most Market Reports are delivered in PDF format we almost never have to add additional Shipping Charges. If, however you are ordering a Higher License service or a specific delivery format (e.g. CD version) charges may apply.
If you are concerned about additional Shipping Charges we recommend you to Contact us to double check.
We work in Partnership with PayU to ensure payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way. PayU is the e-payments division of Naspers.
Naspers operates in over 133 International Markets and ranks 3rd Globally in terms of the number of e-commerce customers served.
For more information on PayU please visit: https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us
If you require an invoice prior to payment, this is possible. To ensure a speedy delivery of the Market Report we require all relevant company details and you agree to maximum payment terms of 30 days from receipt of order.
With our regular clients deliver of the Market Report can be made prior to receiving payment, however in some circumstances we may ask for payment to be received before arranging for the Market Report to be delivered.
We have specifically partnered with leading International companies to protect your privacy by using different technologies and processes to ensure security.
Everything submitted to Scotts International is encrypted via SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and all personal information provided to Scotts International is stored on computer systems with limited access in controlled environments.
We partner with PayU (https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us) to ensure all credit card payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way.
PayU offers 250+ various payment channels and eWallet services across 4 continents allowing buyers to pay electronically, whether on a computer or a mobile device.