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Automotive Valves Market by Propulsion and Component (ICE, EV), Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars, LCV, Trucks, and Buses), EV (BEV, PHEV, HEV), Application (Engine, HVAC, Brake), Function, Engine Valve Type and Region - Global Forecast to 2027
Market Report I 2022-08-25 I 312 Pages I MarketsandMarkets
The global automotive valves market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.3% from 2022 to 2027, to reach USD 28.2 billion by 2027. Advance technologies such as antilock braking system (ABS), automatic transmission control, start stop system are pushing the market for automotive valves. Further, the steadily increasing vehicle production and vehicle electrification coupled with rising stringent emission standards is pushing the automotive manufacturers to make more fuel-efficient vehicles, which is further driving the market for automotive valves.
Asia Pacific is expected to be the overall largest market for automotive valves, by value and volume
Asia Pacific is projected to grow at highest CAGR during forecast owing to huge automotive production in China, India, Japan and South Korea among others. Additionally, the countries like China, India and Japan are booming economies which bring immense opportunities for components for advanced vehicles equipped with features such as ABS, automatic transmission, safety systems and others which is expected to further support the market.
The huge vehicle production in Asia Pacific offers high growth opportunities for automotive valves market. Suitable investment policies as well as the availability of cheap labor have made the region ideal for the automotive OEMs investments. Many American and European automobiles manufacturers have established their production units to developing countries in Asia Pacific. China is largest vehicle manufacturers in Asia Pacific, in 2021 55.8% of total vehicle production was done in China. The top three vehicle producing countries are China, Japan, and South Korea.
Engine valve is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period.
Engine valves (inlet and outlet) holds the largest market share, by volume, by volume, in the global automotive market succeeded by solenoid valve, fuel system valve and others. The ranking is expected to be same during the forecast period. A standard car can consist of up to 16-20 engine valves, depending on cylinder configuration as well as engine design. The moderate increase global vehicle production at rate of 5%-7% will boost the automotive valve market. Furthermore the addition of new vehicle per year is anticipated to add more volume to the market during the forecast period.
Increasing electrification of vehicles to uplift the demand for automotive valves in long term Since the last few years, OEMs have been adopting advanced technologies to meet the stringent emission regulations, better ergonomics, safety regulations, and increasing demand for comfort and convenience. Vehicle electronics play an important role in the improvement of vehicle performance. Additionally, vehicle electrification is the key enabler of alternate fuel vehicle technologies. The electrification of the vehicle helps in a variety of automotive systems, efficient operation of engine, heating and air conditioning systems, and other functions which make use of less fuel and reduced emissions. The advanced hybrid powertrains need an array of electronics for their functioning, which includes solenoid valves, sensors, actuators, and other components. In the near future, the mechanical components will be replaced by electronic components, which will help in making the vehicle lighter and fuel efficient and reduce emissions.
The study contains insights of various industry experts, ranging from component suppliers to Tier I companies and OEMs. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:
- By Company Type: OEMs - 26%, Tier I - 65%, Others- 9%
- By Designation: CXOs level - 35%, Manager level - 50%, Executive - 15%
- By Region: North America - 39%, Europe - 24%, Asia-Pacific - 33%, ROW - 4%
Major players profiled in the report are:
- Continental AG (Germany)
- Robert Bosch (Germany)
- Denso Corporation (Japan)
- Aisin Corporation (Japan)
- BorgWarner (US)
- Valeo (France)
- Hitachi Ltd. (Japan)
- Eaton (Ireland)
- Tenneco (US)
Research Coverage:
The study covers the automotive valves market across segments. It aims at estimating the market size and future growth potential of this market across different segments such as Propulsion & component, application, function, EV type, Vehicle type, material, engine valve technology and region. The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the key players in the market, along with their company profiles, key observations related to product and business offerings, recent developments, and key market strategies.
Key Benefits of Buying the Report:
- The report will help market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of revenue numbers for the overall automotive valves market and its subsegments.
- This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to better position their businesses and plan suitable go-to-market strategies.
The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provides them information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
1 INTRODUCTION 42
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 42
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 43
TABLE 1 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET DEFINITION, BY COMPONENT (ICE AND EV) 43
TABLE 2 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET DEFINITION, BY FUNCTION 44
TABLE 3 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET DEFINITION, BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE 44
TABLE 4 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET DEFINITION, BY VEHICLE TYPE 45
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 45
TABLE 5 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 45
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 46
1.3.1 YEARS CONSIDERED 47
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 47
TABLE 6 CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES 47
1.5 STAKEHOLDERS 48
1.6 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 48
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 50
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 50
FIGURE 1 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 50
FIGURE 2 RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL 51
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 51
2.1.1.1 Key secondary sources 52
2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 53
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 53
FIGURE 3 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS 54
2.1.2.1 List of primary participants 54
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 55
FIGURE 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING 56
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 56
FIGURE 5 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET SIZE: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 57
FIGURE 6 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FOR ICE VEHICLES - DEMAND SIDE 58
FIGURE 7 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES - DEMAND SIDE 59
2.3 DATA TRIANGULATION 60
FIGURE 8 DATA TRIANGULATION METHODOLOGY 60
2.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 61
FIGURE 9 FACTOR ANALYSIS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET 61
2.4.1 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDES 62
2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 62
2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 64
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 65
FIGURE 10 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET OVERVIEW 66
FIGURE 11 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 67
FIGURE 12 PASSENGER CARS TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SIZE, 2022 VS. 2027 68
FIGURE 13 KEY PLAYERS IN AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET 69
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 70
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET 70
FIGURE 14 STEADY SURGE IN PASSENGER CAR PRODUCTION TO DRIVE MARKET 70
4.2 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION 71
FIGURE 15 ASIA PACIFIC PROJECTED TO BE DOMINANT MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD 71
4.3 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY PROPULSION 71
FIGURE 16 ICE ESTIMATED EXPECTED TO HOLD LARGER MARKET SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD 71
4.4 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE + EV) 72
FIGURE 17 ENGINE VALVES EXPECTED TO HAVE LARGEST MARKET SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD 72
4.5 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY FUNCTION 72
FIGURE 18 MECHANICAL SEGMENT EXPECTED TO ACQUIRE LARGEST MARKET SHARE IN FORECAST PERIOD 72
4.6 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE 73
FIGURE 19 HEV TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE THROUGHOUT FORECAST PERIOD 73
4.7 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 73
FIGURE 20 PASSENGER CARS TO HAVE HIGHEST GROWTH, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 73
4.8 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY APPLICATION 74
FIGURE 21 ENGINE SYSTEM VALVES TO BE DOMINANT SUBSEGMENT, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 74
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 75
5.1 INTRODUCTION 75
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 76
FIGURE 22 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET DYNAMICS 76
5.2.1 DRIVERS 76
5.2.1.1 Revival of automotive industry 76
FIGURE 23 CHINA PASSENGER VEHICLE SALES (2012-2021) 77
FIGURE 24 GLOBAL VEHICLE SALES AND PRODUCTION, 2020 AND 2021 77
5.2.1.2 Rise in demand for vehicle electrification 78
FIGURE 25 TOP 10 PREMIUM BRAND REGISTRATIONS IN EUROPE, BY FUEL TYPE 79
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL PHEV CAR SALES, 2016-2021 80
5.2.1.3 Stringent government regulations 80
FIGURE 27 COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS OF EVS AND GASOLINE VEHICLES 81
TABLE 7 EMISSION NORM SPECIFICATIONS IN KEY COUNTRIES FOR PASSENGER CARS 81
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 82
5.2.2.1 Decrease in number of cylinders in modern engines 82
TABLE 8 INDIAN CARS WITH TURBO PETROL ENGINES AND THEIR POWER FIGURES 83
5.2.2.2 Rise in cost of raw materials 83
TABLE 9 COMMODITY PRICES 84
5.2.2.3 Declining preference for diesel passenger cars 84
FIGURE 28 SHARE OF DIESEL AND NON-DIESEL CARS IN PASSENGER VEHICLES SEGMENT IN INDIA 85
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 85
5.2.3.1 Increasing demand for solenoid valves and electric vehicles 85
5.2.3.2 Increased market demand due to electric vehicles 86
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL BEV SALES 86
FIGURE 30 ELECTRICAL ARCHITECTURE OF CARS IN 1980S 87
FIGURE 31 ELECTRICAL ARCHITECTURE OF CARS IN 2020S 88
FIGURE 32 GLOBAL PHEV CAR STOCK, 2017-2020, BY REGION 89
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 89
5.2.4.1 Technical problems associated with valves 89
5.2.4.2 Upcoming emission norms for EGR valves and intercoolers 89
FIGURE 33 ON-ROAD LIGHT AND HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATION OUTLOOK 90
5.2.5 IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS 90
5.3 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES 91
TABLE 10 IMPACT OF PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ON AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET 91
FIGURE 34 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET 91
5.3.1 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 92
5.3.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 92
5.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 92
5.3.4 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 92
5.3.5 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 93
5.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 93
5.4.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 93
FIGURE 35 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP 4 VALVES 93
TABLE 11 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP 4 VALVES (%) 93
5.4.2 BUYING CRITERIA 94
FIGURE 36 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TOP 3 APPLICATIONS 94
TABLE 12 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TOP 3 APPLICATIONS 94
5.5 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET ECOSYSTEM 95
FIGURE 37 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS 95
TABLE 13 ROLE OF COMPANIES IN AUTOMOTIVE VALVES ECOSYSTEM 96
5.6 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: CONFERENCES AND EVENTS 97
TABLE 14 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: LIST OF CONFERENCES AND EVENTS 97
5.7 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 97
5.7.1 SMART ACTUATORS 97
5.7.2 VALVE BY WIRE 97
5.7.3 NEW VALVE TECHNOLOGY PROMISES CHEAPER AND GREENER ENGINES 98
5.7.4 VALVEMATIC 98
5.8 PATENT ANALYSIS 99
5.8.1 INTRODUCTION 99
FIGURE 38 PUBLICATION TRENDS (2012-2021) 99
5.8.2 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS 100
FIGURE 39 LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS FILED FOR AUTOMOTIVE VALVES 100
5.8.3 TOP PATENT APPLICANTS 100
FIGURE 40 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES PATENTS, TREND ANALYSIS, 2012-2021 100
TABLE 15 IMPORTANT PATENT REGISTRATIONS RELATED TO AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET 101
5.9 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 102
FIGURE 41 MAJOR VALUE ADDITION DURING MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY PHASES 102
5.10 CASE STUDIES 102
5.10.1 EATON LAUNCHED COMPACT COMBO VALVE FOR FUEL TANKS 102
5.10.2 TLX TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED CUSTOMIZED COMPACT LATCHING SOLENOID 103
5.10.3 BORGWARNER INC. LAUNCHED SMART INTEGRAL MAGNETIC SWITCH (IMS) FOR ON/OFF-HIGHWAY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 103
5.11 TRADE ANALYSIS 104
5.11.1 IMPORT SCENARIO OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES 104
FIGURE 42 IMPORTS OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES, BY KEY COUNTRY (2017-2021) (USD MILLION) 104
TABLE 16 IMPORT TRADE DATA, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2021 (USD MILLION) 105
5.11.2 EXPORT SCENARIO OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES 106
FIGURE 43 EXPORTS OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY KEY COUNTRY (2017-2021) (USD MILLION) 106
TABLE 17 EXPORT TRADE DATA, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2021 (USD MILLION) 107
5.12 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE 107
5.12.1 REGULATORY LANDSCAPE FOR AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS 107
TABLE 18 REGULATIONS FOR AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS 107
5.12.2 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 108
TABLE 19 NORTH AMERICA: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 108
TABLE 20 EUROPE: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 109
TABLE 21 ASIA PACIFIC: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 109
TABLE 22 REST OF THE WORLD: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 110
5.13 PRICING ANALYSIS 110
FIGURE 44 AVERAGE PRICING OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES IN ASIA PACIFIC, 2022 AND 2027 110
FIGURE 45 AVERAGE PRICING OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES IN EUROPE, 2022 AND 2027 111
FIGURE 46 AVERAGE PRICING OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES IN NORTH AMERICA, 2022 AND 2027 111
FIGURE 47 AVERAGE PRICING OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES IN REST OF THE WORLD, 2022 AND 2027 112
5.14 MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 112
5.14.1 GDP TRENDS AND FORECAST FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES 113
TABLE 23 GDP TRENDS AND FORECAST, BY MAJOR ECONOMIES, 2018-2026 (USD BILLION) 113
5.14.2 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS IN 2021 114
TABLE 24 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS IN 2021 (THOUSAND UNITS) 114
5.15 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, SCENARIOS (2022-2027) 115
FIGURE 48 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET- FUTURE TRENDS & SCENARIOS, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 115
5.15.1 MOST LIKELY SCENARIO 115
TABLE 25 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (MOST LIKELY), BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 116
5.15.2 OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO 116
TABLE 26 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO), BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 116
5.15.3 PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO 116
TABLE 27 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (PESSIMISTIC), BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 117
5.16 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING BUYERS 117
FIGURE 49 REVENUE SHIFT DRIVING MARKET GROWTH 117
6 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY PROPULSION AND COMPONENT 118
6.1 INTRODUCTION 119
FIGURE 50 ICE TO HOLD LARGER MARKET SHARE IN TERMS OF VALUE, 2022-2027 119
TABLE 28 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 120
TABLE 29 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 120
TABLE 30 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 120
TABLE 31 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 120
6.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 121
TABLE 32 MOTOR VEHICLE SALES, BY VEHICLE TYPE (THOUSAND UNITS) 121
6.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 121
TABLE 33 ASSUMPTIONS: BY PROPULSION TYPE AND COMPONENT 121
6.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 121
6.2 ICE 122
6.2.1 REVIVAL OF ICE VEHICLE PRODUCTION TO BOOST SEGMENT 122
TABLE 34 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 122
TABLE 35 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 123
TABLE 36 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 123
TABLE 37 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 124
6.2.2 ENGINE (INLET AND OUTLET) VALVES 124
6.2.3 A/C VALVES 124
6.2.4 BRAKE COMBINATION VALVES 125
6.2.5 THERMOSTAT VALVES 125
6.2.6 FUEL SYSTEM VALVES 125
6.2.7 SOLENOID VALVES 125
6.2.8 EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) VALVES 125
6.2.9 TIRE VALVES 126
6.2.10 SELECTIVE CATALYST REDUCTION (SCR) VALVES 126
6.2.11 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION (AT) CONTROL VALVES 126
6.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLES (BEV, PHEV, AND HEV) 126
6.3.1 GROWING ADOPTION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES WORLDWIDE TO DRIVE SEGMENT 126
TABLE 38 GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 127
TABLE 39 GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 127
TABLE 40 GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 128
TABLE 41 GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 128
6.3.2 ENGINE (INLET AND OUTLET) VALVES 129
6.3.3 A/C VALVES 129
6.3.4 BRAKE COMBINATION VALVES 129
6.3.5 THERMOSTAT VALVES 129
6.3.6 FUEL SYSTEM VALVES 130
6.3.7 SOLENOID VALVES 130
6.3.8 EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) VALVES 130
6.3.9 TIRE VALVES 130
6.3.10 SELECTIVE CATALYST REDUCTION (SCR) VALVES 130
6.3.11 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION (AT) CONTROL VALVES 130
6.3.12 BATTERY & COOLING SYSTEM VALVES 131
6.4 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 131
7 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY APPLICATION 132
7.1 INTRODUCTION 133
FIGURE 51 HVAC SEGMENT TO GROW AT HIGHEST CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD 133
TABLE 42 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 133
TABLE 43 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 134
TABLE 44 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 134
TABLE 45 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 134
7.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 135
7.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 135
TABLE 46 ASSUMPTIONS: BY APPLICATION 135
7.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 136
7.2 ENGINE SYSTEMS 136
7.2.1 STEADY INCREASE IN ICE VEHICLE PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH 136
TABLE 47 ENGINE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 136
TABLE 48 ENGINE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 137
TABLE 49 ENGINE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 137
TABLE 50 ENGINE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 137
7.3 HVAC SYSTEMS 138
7.3.1 HIGH PENETRATION AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS TO ENSURE CONSISTENT DEMAND 138
TABLE 51 HVAC SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 138
TABLE 52 HVAC SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 138
TABLE 53 HVAC SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 139
TABLE 54 HVAC SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 139
7.4 BRAKE SYSTEMS 140
7.4.1 GROWING PENETRATION OF SAFER BRAKE SYSTEMS TO DRIVE SEGMENT 140
TABLE 55 BRAKE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 140
TABLE 56 BRAKE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 140
TABLE 57 BRAKE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 140
TABLE 58 BRAKE SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 141
7.5 OTHER VALVES (TIRE, SAFETY, SCR SYSTEM, BODY) 141
7.5.1 DEMAND FOR SAFETY SYSTEMS TO DRIVE MARKET 141
TABLE 59 OTHER VALVES (TIRE, SAFETY, SCR SYSTEM, BODY): AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 141
TABLE 60 OTHER VALVES (TIRE, SAFETY, SCR SYSTEM, BODY): AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 142
TABLE 61 OTHER VALVES (TIRE, SAFETY, SCR SYSTEM, BODY): AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 62 OTHER VALVES (TIRE, SAFETY, SCR SYSTEM, BODY): AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 142
7.6 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 143
8 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY FUNCTION 144
8.1 INTRODUCTION 145
FIGURE 52 MECHANICAL VALVE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE, BY 2027 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 63 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 145
TABLE 64 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 146
TABLE 65 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 66 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 146
8.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 147
8.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 147
TABLE 67 ASSUMPTIONS: BY FUNCTION 147
8.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 148
8.2 ELECTRIC 148
8.2.1 DEMAND FOR QUICK RESPONSIVE VALVES TO DRIVE MARKET 148
TABLE 68 ELECTRIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 148
TABLE 69 ELECTRIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 148
TABLE 70 ELECTRIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 71 ELECTRIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 149
8.3 HYDRAULIC 149
8.3.1 CONTROLS LIQUID FLOW 149
TABLE 72 HYDRAULIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 150
TABLE 73 HYDRAULIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 150
TABLE 74 HYDRAULIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 150
TABLE 75 HYDRAULIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 150
8.4 PNEUMATIC 151
8.4.1 ASIA PACIFIC TO GROW AT HIGHEST CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD 151
TABLE 76 PNEUMATIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 151
TABLE 77 PNEUMATIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 151
TABLE 78 PNEUMATIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 152
TABLE 79 PNEUMATIC VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 152
8.5 MECHANICAL 152
8.5.1 RISE IN DEMAND FOR ICE VEHICLES TO ASSIST GROWTH OF MECHANICAL VALVES 152
TABLE 80 MECHANICAL VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 153
TABLE 81 MECHANICAL VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 153
TABLE 82 MECHANICAL VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 153
TABLE 83 MECHANICAL VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 153
8.6 OTHERS (THERMAL AND PILOT OPERATED) 154
8.6.1 DEMAND FOR COMFORTABLE DRIVING TO LEAD SEGMENT 154
TABLE 84 OTHER VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 154
TABLE 85 OTHER VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 154
TABLE 86 OTHER VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 154
TABLE 87 OTHER VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 155
8.7 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 155
9 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE 156
9.1 INTRODUCTION 157
FIGURE 53 HEV SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE BY 2027 (USD MILLION) 157
TABLE 88 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 158
TABLE 89 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 158
TABLE 90 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 91 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 158
9.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 159
TABLE 92 ELECTRIC VEHICLE SALES, BY PROPULSION TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 159
9.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 159
TABLE 93 ASSUMPTIONS: BY ELECTRIC VEHICLE TYPE 159
9.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 160
9.2 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES (BEVS) 160
9.2.1 HIGH BEV SALES IN CHINA TO DRIVE SEGMENT GROWTH 160
TABLE 94 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 161
TABLE 95 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 162
TABLE 96 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 162
TABLE 97 BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 162
9.3 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PHEVS) 163
9.3.1 TAX BENEFITS AND INCENTIVES FROM GOVERNMENTS TO BENEFIT SEGMENT 163
TABLE 98 PHEVS LAUNCHED BY VARIOUS OEMS 163
TABLE 99 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 164
TABLE 100 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 164
TABLE 101 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 102 PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 164
9.4 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEVS) 165
9.4.1 HIGH HEV SALES FROM JAPAN AND US TO SUPPORT SEGMENT GROWTH 165
TABLE 103 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 165
TABLE 104 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 166
TABLE 105 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 166
TABLE 106 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 166
9.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 167
10 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 168
10.1 INTRODUCTION 169
FIGURE 54 PASSENGER CAR TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE, 2022 VS. 2027 169
TABLE 107 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 170
TABLE 108 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 170
TABLE 109 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 110 GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 170
10.1.1 OPERATIONAL DATA 171
TABLE 111 GLOBAL PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PRODUCTION DATA, 2021 (MILLION UNITS) 171
10.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 172
TABLE 112 ASSUMPTIONS: BY VEHICLE TYPE 172
10.1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 172
10.2 PASSENGER CARS 173
10.2.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR PREMIUM VEHICLES TO DRIVE SEGMENT GROWTH 173
TABLE 113 PASSENGER CARS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 173
TABLE 114 PASSENGER CARS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 173
TABLE 115 PASSENGER CARS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 116 PASSENGER CARS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 174
10.3 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (LCVS) 174
10.3.1 NORTH AMERICA TO DOMINATE LCVS SEGMENT 174
TABLE 117 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 175
TABLE 118 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 175
TABLE 119 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 175
TABLE 120 LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 176
10.4 TRUCKS 176
10.4.1 HIGH DEPENDENCE ON LONG-HAUL ROAD TRANSPORTATION TO FUEL SEGMENT GROWTH 176
FIGURE 55 US SHIPMENT OF GOODS 177
TABLE 121 TRUCKS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 177
TABLE 122 TRUCKS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 177
TABLE 123 TRUCKS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 178
TABLE 124 TRUCKS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 178
10.5 BUSES 178
10.5.1 HIGH DEPENDENCE OF PEOPLE ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT TO AID SEGMENT GROWTH 178
TABLE 125 BUSES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 179
TABLE 126 BUSES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 179
TABLE 127 BUSES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 179
TABLE 128 BUSES: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 180
10.6 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 180
11 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, ENGINE VALVE TYPE 181
11.1 INTRODUCTION 182
FIGURE 56 MONOMETALLIC VALVES TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE IN TERMS OF VALUE, 2022-2027 182
TABLE 129 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ENGINE VALVE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 182
TABLE 130 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY ENGINE VALVE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 183
TABLE 131 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, ENGINE VALVE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 183
TABLE 132 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, ENGINE VALVE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 183
11.1.1 ASSUMPTIONS 184
TABLE 133 ASSUMPTIONS: BY ENGINE VALVE TYPE 184
11.1.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 184
11.2 MONOMETALLIC 184
11.3 BIMETALLIC 185
11.4 HOLLOW 185
11.5 KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS 185
12 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY REGION 186
12.1 INTRODUCTION 187
FIGURE 57 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022 VS. 2027 187
TABLE 134 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 188
TABLE 135 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 188
TABLE 136 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 188
TABLE 137 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY REGION, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 189
12.2 ASIA PACIFIC 189
FIGURE 58 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET SNAPSHOT 190
TABLE 138 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE + EV), 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 191
TABLE 139 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE + EV), 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 191
TABLE 140 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 192
TABLE 141 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 192
TABLE 142 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 193
TABLE 143 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 193
TABLE 144 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 194
TABLE 145 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 194
TABLE 146 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 194
TABLE 147 ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 195
12.2.1 CHINA 195
12.2.1.1 Growing passenger vehicle demand to drive market 195
TABLE 148 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 195
TABLE 149 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 196
TABLE 150 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 196
TABLE 151 CHINA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 196
12.2.2 INDIA 197
12.2.2.1 Growth in vehicle sales across categories to drive market 197
TABLE 152 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 197
TABLE 153 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 197
TABLE 154 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 198
TABLE 155 INDIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 198
12.2.3 JAPAN 199
12.2.3.1 Presence of major automobile manufacturers to fuel market 199
TABLE 156 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 199
TABLE 157 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 199
TABLE 158 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 199
TABLE 159 JAPAN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 200
12.2.4 SOUTH KOREA 200
12.2.4.1 Increasing demand for passenger cars to drive market 200
TABLE 160 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 200
TABLE 161 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 201
TABLE 162 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 201
TABLE 163 SOUTH KOREA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 201
12.2.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 202
TABLE 164 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 202
TABLE 165 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 202
TABLE 166 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 203
TABLE 167 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 203
12.3 EUROPE 203
FIGURE 59 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY 204
TABLE 168 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE + EV), 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 204
TABLE 169 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE + EV), 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 205
TABLE 170 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 205
TABLE 171 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 206
TABLE 172 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 206
TABLE 173 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 207
TABLE 174 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 207
TABLE 175 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 208
TABLE 176 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 208
TABLE 177 EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 208
12.3.1 FRANCE 209
12.3.1.1 High production of passenger cars and LCVs to drive market 209
TABLE 178 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 209
TABLE 179 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 209
TABLE 180 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 210
TABLE 181 FRANCE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 210
12.3.2 GERMANY 211
12.3.2.1 Emission norms and shift toward BEVs and PHEVs to drive market 211
TABLE 182 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 211
TABLE 183 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 211
TABLE 184 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 212
TABLE 185 GERMANY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 212
12.3.3 ITALY 213
12.3.3.1 Growth in automotive production to drive market 213
TABLE 186 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 213
TABLE 187 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 213
TABLE 188 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 214
TABLE 189 ITALY: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 214
12.3.4 SPAIN 215
12.3.4.1 Demand for heavy trucks to positively impact market 215
TABLE 190 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 215
TABLE 191 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 215
TABLE 192 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 216
TABLE 193 SPAIN: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 216
12.3.5 UK 216
12.3.5.1 Demand for premium passenger cars to drive market 216
TABLE 194 UK: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 217
TABLE 195 UK: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 217
TABLE 196 UK: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 217
TABLE 197 UK: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 218
12.3.6 REST OF EUROPE 218
TABLE 198 REST OF EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 218
TABLE 199 REST OF EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 219
TABLE 200 REST OF EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 219
TABLE 201 REST OF EUROPE: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 219
FIGURE 60 TURKEY AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY SNAPSHOT 220
12.4 NORTH AMERICA 220
FIGURE 61 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET SNAPSHOT 221
TABLE 202 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE + EV), 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 222
TABLE 203 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE + EV), 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 222
TABLE 204 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 223
TABLE 205 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 223
TABLE 206 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 224
TABLE 207 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 224
TABLE 208 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 225
TABLE 209 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 225
TABLE 210 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 225
TABLE 211 NORTH AMERICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 225
12.4.1 CANADA 226
12.4.1.1 Emission regulations to drive market 226
TABLE 212 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 226
TABLE 213 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 227
TABLE 214 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 227
TABLE 215 CANADA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 227
12.4.2 MEXICO 228
12.4.2.1 Steady growth in automotive and auto parts production in Mexico to support market growth 228
TABLE 216 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 228
TABLE 217 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 228
TABLE 218 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 229
TABLE 219 MEXICO: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 229
12.4.3 US 229
12.4.3.1 Strong LCV production drives market growth 229
TABLE 220 US: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 230
TABLE 221 US: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 230
TABLE 222 US: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 230
TABLE 223 US: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 231
12.5 REST OF THE WORLD 231
FIGURE 62 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 232
TABLE 224 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 232
TABLE 225 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 233
TABLE 226 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 233
TABLE 227 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, BY COMPONENT (ICE), 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 234
TABLE 228 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 234
TABLE 229 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 234
TABLE 230 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 235
TABLE 231 REST OF THE WORLD: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY COUNTRY, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 235
12.5.1 BRAZIL 235
12.5.1.1 Robust demand for passenger cars and LCVs to drive market 235
TABLE 232 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 236
TABLE 233 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 236
TABLE 234 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 236
TABLE 235 BRAZIL: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 237
12.5.2 RUSSIA 237
12.5.2.1 Decline in vehicle production and heavy economic sanctions to hamper market 237
TABLE 236 RUSSIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 237
TABLE 237 RUSSIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 238
TABLE 238 RUSSIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 238
TABLE 239 RUSSIA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 238
12.5.3 SOUTH AFRICA 239
12.5.3.1 Presence of key OEMs and demand for passenger cars drive market 239
TABLE 240 SOUTH AFRICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 239
TABLE 241 SOUTH AFRICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 239
TABLE 242 SOUTH AFRICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 240
TABLE 243 SOUTH AFRICA: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 240
12.5.4 OTHERS 240
TABLE 244 OTHERS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (MILLION UNITS) 241
TABLE 245 OTHERS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (MILLION UNITS) 241
TABLE 246 OTHERS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2018-2021 (USD MILLION) 241
TABLE 247 OTHERS: AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET (ICE), BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2022-2027 (USD MILLION) 242
13 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 243
13.1 OVERVIEW 243
13.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP PLAYERS 243
FIGURE 63 TOP PUBLIC/LISTED PLAYERS DOMINATING AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET DURING LAST FIVE YEARS 243
13.3 MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS, 2021 244
FIGURE 64 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS 244
13.3.1 BORGWARNER INC. 244
13.3.2 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH 244
13.3.3 CONTINENTAL AG 244
13.3.4 AISIN CORPORATION 245
13.3.5 DENSO CORPORATION 245
13.4 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING OF AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET, 2021 245
13.4.1 STARS 245
13.4.2 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 245
13.4.3 EMERGING COMPANIES 245
13.4.4 PARTICIPANTS 245
FIGURE 65 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX, 2021 246
13.5 COMPANY EVALUATION QUADRANT 247
TABLE 248 REGION FOOTPRINT (27 COMPANIES) 247
TABLE 249 VEHICLE TYPE FOOTPRINT (27 COMPANIES) 248
TABLE 250 APPLICATION AND GEOGRAPHIC FOOTPRINT 249
13.6 SME EVALUATION MATRIX, 2021 250
FIGURE 66 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING FOR SME, 2021 250
13.7 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO AND TRENDS 251
13.7.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 251
TABLE 251 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2019-2022 251
13.7.2 DEALS 252
TABLE 252 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: DEALS, 2019-2022 252
13.7.3 OTHERS 255
TABLE 253 AUTOMOTIVE VALVES MARKET: OTHERS, 2019-2022 255
14 COMPANY PROFILES 258
(Business overview, Products offered, Recent Developments, MNM view)*
14.1 KEY PLAYERS 258
14.1.1 CONTINENTAL AG 258
TABLE 254 CONTINENTAL AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 258
FIGURE 67 CONTINENTAL AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 259
FIGURE 68 CONTINENTAL AG: BUSINESS SEGMENTS 260
FIGURE 69 CONTINENTAL AG: BUSINESS EXPECTATIONS FROM 2022 260
TABLE 255 CONTINENTAL AG: MAJOR CUSTOMERS 261
TABLE 256 CONTINENTAL AG: PRODUCTS OFFERED 261
TABLE 257 CONTINENTAL AG: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 262
TABLE 258 CONTINENTAL AG: DEALS 263
TABLE 259 CONTINENTAL AG: OTHERS 264
14.1.2 DENSO CORPORATION 266
TABLE 260 DENSO CORPORATION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 266
FIGURE 70 DENSO CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 267
TABLE 261 DENSO CORPORATION: KEY CUSTOMERS 267
FIGURE 71 DENSO CORPORATION: SALES PERCENTAGES OF CUSTOMERS 268
FIGURE 72 DENSO CORPORATION: SHAREHOLDERS (2020) 268
TABLE 262 DENSO CORPORATION: PRODUCTS OFFERED 268
TABLE 263 DENSO CORPORATION: DEALS 269
TABLE 264 DENSO CORPORATION: OTHERS 270
14.1.3 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH 272
TABLE 265 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 272
FIGURE 73 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 273
TABLE 266 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH: PRODUCTS OFFERED 273
TABLE 267 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH: MAJOR CUSTOMERS 274
TABLE 268 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 275
TABLE 269 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH: DEALS 275
TABLE 270 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH: OTHERS 276
14.1.4 BORGWARNER INC. 278
TABLE 271 BORGWARNER INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 278
FIGURE 74 BORGWARNER INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 279
TABLE 272 BORGWARNER INC.: PRODUCTS OFFERED 279
TABLE 273 BORGWARNER INC.: MAJOR CUSTOMERS 280
TABLE 274 BORGWARNER INC.: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 280
TABLE 275 BORGWARNER INC.: DEALS 281
TABLE 276 BORGWARNER INC.: OTHERS 282
14.1.5 VALEO 283
TABLE 277 VALEO: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 283
FIGURE 75 VALEO: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 284
TABLE 278 VALEO: KEY CUSTOMERS 284
TABLE 279 VALEO: BUSINESS GROUPS WITH MAJOR COMPETITORS 285
TABLE 280 VALEO: PRODUCT OFFERINGS 285
TABLE 281 VALEO: DEALS 286
TABLE 282 VALEO: OTHERS 287
14.1.6 HITACHI 289
TABLE 283 HITACHI AUTOMOTIVE: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 289
FIGURE 76 HITACHI: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 290
TABLE 284 HITACHI: PRODUCTS OFFERED 290
TABLE 285 HITACHI: DEALS 291
14.1.7 AISIN CORPORATION 292
TABLE 286 AISIN CORPORATION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 292
FIGURE 77 AISIN CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 292
TABLE 287 AISIN CORPORATION: PRODUCTS OFFERED 293
TABLE 288 MAJOR CUSTOMERS 293
TABLE 289 AISIN CORPORATION: DEALS 294
TABLE 290 AISIN CORPORATION: OTHERS 294
14.1.8 CUMMINS INC. 295
TABLE 291 CUMMINS INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 295
FIGURE 78 CUMMINS INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 296
TABLE 292 CUMMINS INC.: MAJOR CUSTOMERS 296
TABLE 293 CUMMINS INC.: PRODUCTS OFFERED 297
TABLE 294 CUMMINS INC.: DEALS 297
14.1.9 TENNECO INC. 298
TABLE 295 TENNECO INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 298
FIGURE 79 TENNECO INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 299
TABLE 296 TENNECO INC.: PRODUCTS OFFERED 299
TABLE 297 TENNECO INC.: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 300
14.1.10 EATON CORPORATION PLC 301
TABLE 298 EATON CORPORATION PLC: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 301
FIGURE 80 EATON CORPORATION PLC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 302
TABLE 299 EATON CORPORATION PLC: MAJOR CUSTOMERS 302
TABLE 300 EATON CORPORATION PLC: PRODUCTS OFFERED 303
TABLE 301 EATON CORPORATION PLC: DEALS 304
14.1.11 JOHNSON ELECTRIC HOLDINGS LIMITED 305
TABLE 302 JOHNSON ELECTRIC HOLDINGS LIMITED: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 305
FIGURE 81 JOHNSON ELECTRIC HOLDINGS LIMITED: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 306
TABLE 303 JOHNSON ELECTRIC HOLDINGS LIMITED: PRODUCTS OFFERED 307
TABLE 304 JOHNSON ELECTRIC HOLDINGS LIMITED: MAJOR CUSTOMERS 307
14.2 OTHER KEY PLAYERS 308
14.2.1 STONERIDGE, INC. 308
TABLE 305 STONERIDGE, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 308
14.2.2 GKN GROUP 308
TABLE 306 GKN GROUP: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 308
14.2.3 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION 309
TABLE 307 MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC CORPORATION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 309
14.2.4 TLX TECHNOLOGIES 310
TABLE 308 TLX TECHNOLOGIES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 310
14.2.5 ROTEX AUTOMATION 310
TABLE 309 ROTEX AUTOMATION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 310
14.2.6 GIDEON AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES 311
TABLE 310 GIDEON AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 311
14.2.7 SOLENOID SYSTEMS 311
TABLE 311 SOLENOID SYSTEMS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 311
14.2.8 KENDRION 312
TABLE 312 KENDRION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 312
14.2.9 MZW MOTOR 312
TABLE 313 MZW MOTOR: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 312
14.2.10 BICOLEX 312
TABLE 314 BICOLEX: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 312
14.2.11 ZONHEN ELECTRIC APPLIANCES 313
TABLE 315 ZONHEN ELECTRIC APPLIANCES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 313
14.2.12 PADMINI VNA MECHATRONICS 313
TABLE 316 PADMINI VNA MECHATRONICS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 313
14.2.13 JAKSA 314
TABLE 317 JAKSA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 314
14.2.14 EMERSON ELECTRIC 314
TABLE 318 EMERSON ELECTRIC: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 314
14.2.15 MAHLE GMBH 315
TABLE 319 MAHLE GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 315
14.2.16 AISAN INDUSTRY CO., LTD. 315
TABLE 320 AISAN INDUSTRY CO., LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 315
*Details on Business overview, Products offered, Recent Developments, MNM view might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
15 RECOMMENDATIONS BY MARKETSANDMARKETS 316
15.1 CHINA AND INDIA TO BE PROMISING MARKETS FOR MANUFACTURERS
IN COMING YEARS 316
15.2 BEV TO EMERGE AS FASTEST-GROWING SEGMENT 316
15.3 BATTERY AND COOLING SYSTEM VALVES TO EMERGE AS PROMISING SEGMENTS DURING FORECAST PERIOD 316
15.4 CONCLUSION 316
16 APPENDIX 317
16.1 KEY INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS 317
16.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 318
16.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 321
16.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 323
16.5 RELATED REPORTS 323
16.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 324
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