Please Wait.....
Report
APAC Nickel Alloy Market - Industry Trends and Forecast to 2030
Market Report I 2023-07-01 I 311 Pages I Data Bridge Market Research
The Asia-Pacific nickel alloy market is expected to reach USD 8,182,899.90 thousand by 2030, from USD 5,199,189.01 thousand in 2022, growing at a CAGR of 6.05% in the forecast period of 2023 to 2030.
Market Segmentation
Asia-Pacific Nickel Alloy Market, Product (Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys, Nickel-Chromium Alloys, Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloys, Wrought Nickel, Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt Alloys, Nickel-Copper Alloys, Nickel-Iron Alloys, Nickel-Molybdenum Alloys, and Nickel-Titanium Alloys), Form (Bars, Rods, Tubing, Plate, Sheets, Wire, Billets, Pipe, Ingots, Strips, Flanges, Balls, Angles, Pipe Fittings, Channels, Coils, and Forgings), Function (High Performance and Electronics Grade, Heat Resistant, and Corrosion Resistant), Application (Energy and Power, Aerospace and Defense, Chemical, Oil & Gas, Electrical and Electronics, Automotive, Others), Country (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)- Industry Trends and Forecast to 2030
Overview of Asia-Pacific Nickel Alloy Market Dynamics
Driver
- Availability of various types of nickel alloys in the market
Restraint
- Volatility in raw material prices
Opportunity
- Advancements in additive manufacturing
Market Players
Some of the major market players operating in the Asia-Pacific nickel alloy market are:
- AMETEK, Inc.
- Polymet
- Ulbrich Stainless Steels and Special Metals Inc.
- NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION
- Acciaierie Valbruna S.p.a.
- Rolled Alloys Inc.
- JLC Electromet Pvt. Ltd.
- HAYNES INTERNATIONAL
- thyssenkrupp AG
- voestalpine AG
- Alloy Wire International
- Precision Castparts Corp. (a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.)
- Aperam
- ATI
- Sandvik AB
- CRS Holdings, LLC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 42
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 42
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 42
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE ASIA PACIFIC NICKEL ALLOY MARKET 43
1.4 CURRENCY AND PRICING 44
1.5 LIMITATIONS 45
1.6 MARKETS COVERED 45
2 MARKET SEGMENTATION 49
2.1 MARKETS COVERED 49
2.2 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 50
2.3 GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE 51
2.4 DBMR TRIPOD DATA VALIDATION MODEL 52
2.5 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS WITH KEY OPINION LEADERS 55
2.6 DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID 56
2.7 MARKET APPLICATION COVERAGE GRID 58
2.8 VENDOR SHARE ANALYSIS 59
2.9 MULTIVARIATE MODELLING 60
2.10 PRODUCT CURVE 61
2.11 SECONDARY SOURCES 62
2.12 ASSUMPTIONS 62
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 63
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 66
4.1 RAW MATERIAL COVERAGE 67
4.2 PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS 69
4.3 IMPORT-EXPORT SCENARIO 71
4.4 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT BY MANUFACTURERS 73
4.5 PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 75
4.6 PESTEL ANALYSIS 76
4.7 AMMONIA OVERVIEW 77
4.8 VENDOR SELECTION CRITERIA 78
4.9 REGULATION COVERAGE 80
4.9.1 COUNTRY WISE REGULATION COVERAGE 81
5 CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO 83
5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 83
5.2 INDUSTRY RESPONSE: 84
5.3 GOVERNMENT'S ROLE: 84
5.4 ANALYST RECOMMENDATIONS: 85
6 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 86
6.1 OVERVIEW 86
6.2 LOGISTIC COST SCENARIO 86
6.3 IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS SERVICE PROVIDERS (LSPS) 88
7 MARKET OVERVIEW 89
7.1 DRIVERS 91
7.1.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIAL IN AEROSPACE 91
7.1.2 AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF NICKEL ALLOYS IN THE MARKET 92
7.1.3 GROWING DEMAND FOR NICKEL ALLOYS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 93
7.1.4 INCREASING USAGE OF NICKEL ALLOYS IN THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND CONSTRUCTION 95
7.2 RESTRAINTS 96
7.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS REGARDING NICKEL 96
7.2.2 VOLATILITY IN RAW MATERIAL PRICES 97
7.3 OPPORTUNITIES 98
7.3.1 GROWING USE OF NICKEL ALLOY IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES 98
7.3.2 INCREASING DEMAND FOR NICKEL ALLOYS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY 99
7.3.3 INCREASING PARTNERSHIP, ACQUISITION, AND COLLABORATION AMONGST MARKET PLAYERS 100
7.3.4 ADVANCEMENTS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 101
7.4 CHALLENGES 102
7.4.1 TRADE DISPUTES AMONG NATIONS AND TARIFFS RELATED TO NICKEL 102
7.4.2 AVAILABILITY OF SUBSTITUTE ALLOYS IN THE MARKET 103?
8 ASIA PACIFIC NICKEL ALLOY MARKET, BY PRODUCT 105
8.1 OVERVIEW 106
8.2 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 108
8.3 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 109
8.4 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 110
8.5 WROUGHT NICKEL 111
8.6 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 112
8.7 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 113
8.8 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 114
8.9 NICKEL- MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 115
8.10 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 116
9 ASIA PACIFIC NICKEL ALLOY MARKET, BY FORM 118
9.1 OVERVIEW 119
9.2 BARS 120
9.3 RODS 120
9.4 TUBING 121
9.5 PLATE 122
9.6 SHEETS 122
9.7 WIRE 123
9.8 BILLETS 124
9.9 PIPE 124
9.10 INGOTS 125
9.11 STRIPS 126
9.12 FLANGES 127
9.13 BALLS 127
9.14 ANGLES 128
9.15 PIPE FITTINGS 129
9.16 CHANNELS 130
9.17 COILS 131
9.18 FORGINGS 131
10 ASIA PACIFIC NICKEL ALLOY MARKET, BY FUNCTION 133
10.1 OVERVIEW 134
10.2 HIGH PERFORMANCE AND ELECTRONICS GRADE 135
10.3 HEAT RESISTANT 136
10.4 CORROSION RESISTANT 136
11 ASIA PACIFIC NICKEL ALLOY MARKET, BY APPLICATION 138
11.1 OVERVIEW 139
11.2 ENERGY AND POWER 140
11.2.1 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 142
11.2.2 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 142
11.2.3 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 142
11.2.4 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 142
11.2.5 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 142
11.2.6 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 142
11.2.7 NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 142
11.2.8 WROUGHT NICKEL 142
11.2.9 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 142
11.3 AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE 143
11.3.1 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 144
11.3.2 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 144
11.3.3 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 144
11.3.4 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 144
11.3.5 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 145
11.3.6 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 145
11.3.7 NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 145
11.3.8 WROUGHT NICKEL 145
11.3.9 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 145
11.4 CHEMICAL 145
11.4.1 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 147
11.4.2 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 147
11.4.3 NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 147
11.4.4 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 147
11.4.5 WROUGHT NICKEL 147
11.4.6 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 147
11.4.7 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 147
11.4.8 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 147
11.4.9 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 147?
11.5 OIL & GAS 148
11.5.1 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 149
11.5.2 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 149
11.5.3 NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 149
11.5.4 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 149
11.5.5 WROUGHT NICKEL 150
11.5.6 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 150
11.5.7 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 150
11.5.8 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 150
11.5.9 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 150
11.6 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS 150
11.6.1 WROUGHT NICKEL 152
11.6.2 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 152
11.6.3 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 152
11.6.4 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 152
11.6.5 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 152
11.6.6 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 152
11.6.7 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 152
11.6.8 NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 152
11.6.9 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 152
11.7 AUTOMOTIVE 153
11.7.1 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 154
11.7.2 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 154
11.7.3 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 154
11.7.4 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 154
11.7.5 WROUGHT NICKEL 155
11.7.6 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 155
11.7.7 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 155
11.7.8 NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 155
11.7.9 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 155
11.8 OTHERS 155
11.8.1 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS 157
11.8.2 NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS 157
11.8.3 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 157
11.8.4 WROUGHT NICKEL 157
11.8.5 NICKEL-CHROMIUM-COBALT ALLOYS 157
11.8.6 NICKEL-COPPER ALLOYS 157
11.8.7 NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS 157
11.8.8 NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS 157
11.8.9 NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOYS 157
12 ASIA PACIFIC NICKEL ALLOY MARKET, BY REGION 158
12.1 ASIA-PACIFIC 159
12.1.1 CHINA 169
12.1.2 INDONESIA 176
12.1.3 JAPAN 183
12.1.4 INDIA 189
12.1.5 AUSTRALIA 195
12.1.6 SOUTH KOREA 201
12.1.7 PHILIPPINES 207
12.1.8 SINGAPORE 213
12.1.9 NEW ZEALAND 219
12.1.10 MALAYSIA 225
12.1.11 THAILAND 231
12.1.12 TAIWAN 237
12.1.13 VIETNAM 243
12.1.14 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC 249
13 ASIA PACIFIC POLYOLS MARKET, COMPANY LANDSCAPE 251
13.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: ASIA PACIFIC 251
14 SWOT ANALYSIS 252
15 COMPANY PROFILE 253
15.1 ATI 253
15.1.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 253
15.1.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 254
15.1.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 254
15.1.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 255
15.1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 255
15.1.6 SWOT 256
15.1.7 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 256
15.2 NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION. 257
15.2.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 257
15.2.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 257
15.2.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 258
15.2.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 258
15.2.5 SWOT ANALYSIS 259
15.2.6 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 259
15.2.7 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 259?
15.3 THYSSENKRUPP AG 260
15.3.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 260
15.3.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 260
15.3.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 261
15.3.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 261
15.3.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 261
15.3.6 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 262
15.3.7 SWOT ANALYSIS 263
15.4 CRS HOLDINGS, LLC. 264
15.4.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 264
15.4.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 264
15.4.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 265
15.4.4 PRODUCTS & SERVICES PORTFOLIO 265
15.4.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 266
15.4.6 SWOT ANALYSIS 266
15.4.7 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 267
15.5 APERAM 268
15.5.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 268
15.5.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 268
15.5.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 269
15.5.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 269
15.5.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 269
15.5.6 SWOT 270
15.5.7 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 270
15.6 VOESTALPINE AG 271
15.6.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 271
15.6.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 271
15.6.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 272
15.6.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 272
15.6.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 273
15.6.6 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 273
15.6.7 SWOT ANALYSIS 274
15.7 ACCIAIERIE VALBRUNA S.P.A. 275
15.7.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 275
15.7.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 275
15.7.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 276
15.7.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 277
15.7.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 277?
15.8 ALLOY WIRE INTERNATIONAL 278
15.8.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 278
15.8.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 278
15.8.3 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 279
15.8.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 280
15.8.5 SWOT ANALYSIS 281
15.9 AMETEK, INC. 282
15.9.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 282
15.9.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 282
15.9.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 283
15.9.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 284
15.9.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 285
15.9.6 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 285
15.10 HAYNES INTERNATIONAL 286
15.10.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 286
15.10.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 286
15.10.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 287
15.10.4 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 287
15.10.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 288
15.10.6 SWOT ANALYSIS 289
15.11 JLC ELECTROMET PVT. LTD. 290
15.11.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 290
15.11.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 290
15.11.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 291
15.11.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 291
15.11.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 291
15.12 POLYMET 292
15.12.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 292
15.12.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 292
15.12.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 293
15.12.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 294
15.12.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 294
15.13 PRECISION CASTPARTS CORP. 295
15.13.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 295
15.13.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 295
15.13.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 296
15.13.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 297
15.13.5 SWOT 297
15.13.6 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 297
15.14 ROLLED ALLOYS INC. 298
15.14.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 298
15.14.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 298
15.14.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 299
15.14.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 299
15.14.5 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 299
15.15 SANDVIK AB 300
15.15.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 300
15.15.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 300
15.15.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 301
15.15.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 301
15.15.5 SWOT 302
15.15.6 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 302
15.16 ULBRICH STAINLESS STEELS AND SPECIAL METALS INC. 303
15.16.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 303
15.16.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 303
15.16.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 305
15.16.4 PRODUCTION CAPACITY 305
15.16.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 306
16 QUESTIONNAIRE 307
17 RELATED REPORTS 311
- Not Sure / Need Reassuring
- Confirm Content
-
Content is provided by our partners and every effort is made to make Market Report details as clear as possible. If you are not sure the exact content you require is included in this study you can Contact us to double check. To do this you can:
Use the ‘? ASK A QUESTION’ below the license / prices and to the right of this box. This will come directly to our team who will work on dealing with your request as soon as possible.
Write to directly on support@scotts-international.com with details. Please include as much information as possible including the name of report or link so our staff will be able to work on you request.
Telephone us directly on 0048 603 394 346 and an experienced member of team will be on hand to answer.
-
- Sample Pages
-
With the vast majority of our partners we can obtain Sample Pages to support your decision. This is something we can arrange without revealing your personal details.
It is important to note that we will not be able to provide you the exact data or statistics such as Market Size and Forecasts. Sample pages usually confirm the layout or the Categories included in Charts and Graphs, excluding specific data.
To ask for Sample Pages by contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
-
- Check for Alternatives
-
Whilst we try to make our online platform as easy to use as possible there is always the possibility that a better alternative has not been found in your search.
To avoid this possibility Contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346 and a Senior Team Member can review your requirements and send a list of possibilities with opinions and recommendations.
-
- Confirm Content
- Prices / Formats / Delivery
- Prices
-
All prices are set by our partners and should be exactly the same as those listed on their own websites. We work on a Revenue share basis ensuring that you never pay more than what is offered elsewhere.
Should you find the price cheaper on another platform we recommend you to Contact us as we should be able to match this price. You can Contact us though through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
-
- Discounts
-
As we work in close partnership with our Partners from time to time we can secure discounts and assist with negotiations, this is part of our personalised service to you.
Discounts can sometimes be arranged for speedily placed orders; multiple report purchases or Higher License purchases.
To check if a Discount is possible please Contact our experienced team through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
-
- Available Currencies
-
Most Market Reports on our platform are listed in USD or EURO based on the wishes of our Partners. To avoid currency fluctuations and potential price differentiations we do not offer the possibility to change the currency online.
Should you wish to pay in a different currency to that advertised online we do accept payments in USD, EURO, GBP and PLN. The price will be calculated based on the relevant exchange rate taken from our National Bank.
To pay in a different above currency to that advertised online please Contact our team and a quotation will be sent within a couple of hours with payment details.
-
- Licenses
-
License options vary from Partner to Partner as is usually based on the number of Users that will benefitting from the report. It is very important that License ordered is not breached as this could have potential negative consequences for you individually or your employer.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
-
- Global Site License
-
The Global Site License is the most comprehensive license available. By selecting this license, the Market Report can be shared with other ‘Allowed Users’ and any other member of staff from the same organisation regardless of geographic location.
It is important to note that this may exclude Parent Companies or Subsidiaries.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
-
- Formats
-
The most common format is PDF, however in certain circumstances data may be present in Excel format or Online, especially in the case of Database or Directories. In addition, for certain higher license options a CD may also be provided.
If you have questions or need clarification about the specific formats we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
-
- Delivery
-
Delivery is fulfilled by our partners directly. Once an order has been placed we inform the partner by sharing the delivery email details given in the order process.
Delivery is usually made within 24 hours of an order being placed, however it may take longer should your order be placed prior to the weekend or if otherwise specified on the Market Report details page. Additionally, if details have been not fully completed in the Order process a delay in delivery is possible.
If a delay in delivery is expected you will be informed about it immediately.
-
- Shipping Charges
-
As most Market Reports are delivered in PDF format we almost never have to add additional Shipping Charges. If, however you are ordering a Higher License service or a specific delivery format (e.g. CD version) charges may apply.
If you are concerned about additional Shipping Charges we recommend you to Contact us to double check.
-
- Prices
- Ordering
- By Credit Card
-
We work in Partnership with PayU to ensure payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way. PayU is the e-payments division of Naspers.
Naspers operates in over 133 International Markets and ranks 3rd Globally in terms of the number of e-commerce customers served.
For more information on PayU please visit: https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us
-
- By Money Transfer
-
If you require an invoice prior to payment, this is possible. To ensure a speedy delivery of the Market Report we require all relevant company details and you agree to maximum payment terms of 30 days from receipt of order.
With our regular clients deliver of the Market Report can be made prior to receiving payment, however in some circumstances we may ask for payment to be received before arranging for the Market Report to be delivered.
-
- By Credit Card
- Security
- Website security
-
We have specifically partnered with leading International companies to protect your privacy by using different technologies and processes to ensure security.
Everything submitted to Scotts International is encrypted via SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and all personal information provided to Scotts International is stored on computer systems with limited access in controlled environments.
-
- Credit Card Security
-
We partner with PayU (https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us) to ensure all credit card payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way.
PayU offers 250+ various payment channels and eWallet services across 4 continents allowing buyers to pay electronically, whether on a computer or a mobile device.
-
- Website security