APAC Food Anti Caking Agents Market - Industry Trends and Forecast to 2030
Market Report I 2023-01-01 I 491 Pages I Data Bridge Market Research
Asia-Pacific food anti caking agents market is projected to register a CAGR of 5.8% in the forecast period of 2023 to 2030. The new market report contains data for the historic year 2020, the base year of calculation is 2022, and the forecast period is 2023 to 2030.
Market Segmentation:
Asia-Pacific Food Anti Caking Agents Market, Type (Silicon Compounds, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Calcium Compounds, Sodium Compounds, Magnesium Compounds, and Others), Source (Synthetic/Artificial Agents and Natural Agents), Product Category (Non-GMO and GMO), Form (Powder and Liquid), Application (Confectionery, Bakery Products, Dairy Products, Convenience Food, Dietary Nutrition, Sports Nutrition, Processed Meat Products, Beverages, Soups & Sauces, Seasoning & Condiments, Infant Formula, and Others), Country ( China, India, Japan, Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Philippines, New Zealand, Vietnam , Taiwan, and Rest of Asia-Pacific) Industry Trends and Forecast to 2030
Some of the major factors contributing to the growth of the Asia-Pacific food anti caking agents market are:
- Rise in demand for food products with better quality and increased shelf life
- Increase in demand for anti-caking agents in spices and condiments
Market Players:
The key market players operating in the Asia-Pacific food anti caking agents market are listed below:
- Evonik Industries AG
- PPG Industries, In
- PQ
- W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn
- NB Entrepreneurs
- Solvay
- Huber Engineered Materials
- REMEDY LABS
- Sigachi Industries
- Konoshima Chemical Co.,Ltd
- Regoj Chemical Industries
- Sinthesis Greenchem Private Limited
- RanQ
- Hefei TNJ Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.
- Cellulose Manufacturer-Ankit Pulps
- Fuji Chemical Industries Co.
- Ltd, MUBY CHEMICALS
- JELU-WERK J. Ehrler GmbH & Co. KG
- Sapthagiri Aromatics
- Jinsha Precipitated Silica Manufacturing Co., Ltd
- Bimal Pharma
- Astrra Chemicals
- SBF Pharma
- Foodchem International Corporation
- Anmol Chemicals
- Regoj Chemical Industries
- RanQ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 114
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 114
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 114
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET 114
1.4 LIMITATIONS 116
1.5 MARKETS COVERED 116
2 MARKET SEGMENTATION 120
2.1 MARKETS COVERED 120
2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE 121
2.3 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 122
2.4 CURRENCY AND PRICING 122
2.5 DBMR TRIPOD DATA VALIDATION MODEL 123
2.6 MULTIVARIATE MODELLING 126
2.7 TYPE LIFELINE CURVE 126
2.8 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS WITH KEY OPINION LEADERS 127
2.9 DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID 128
2.10 MARKET APPLICATION COVERAGE GRID 129
2.11 SECONDARY SOURCES 130
2.12 ASSUMPTIONS 130
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 131
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 134
4.1 PORTER'S FIVE ANALYSIS FOR THE ASIA PACIFIC ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET 135
4.2 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET 137
4.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING PURCHASE DECISION OF END-USER 138
4.4 GROWTH STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY MARKET PLAYERS 140
4.5 INDUSTRY TRENDS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE 141
4.6 OTHER BENEFITS OF ANTI CAKING AGENTS 142
4.7 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 143
4.7.1 RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT & MANUFACTURING 143
4.7.2 DISTRIBUTION 144
4.7.3 END USERS 144
4.8 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT IN THE ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET 145
4.9 TRADE ANALYSIS 146
4.10 ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET: RAW MATERIAL SOURCING ANALYSIS 177
4.10.1 ABSORBENT POWDER 177
4.10.2 BASE LIQUID 177
4.10.3 FLOW AGENTS 177
5 IMPACT OF ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN ON THE MARKET -ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET 178
6 PRICING INDEX (PRICE AT FOB & PRICES AT B2B) 180
7 PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF KEY MANUFACTURERS 181
8 BRAND OUTLOOK 182
8.1 BRAND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET 182
8.2 PRODUCT VS BRAND OVERVIEW 186
9 REGULATORY GUIDELINES AND FRAMEWORK 187
10 MARKET OVERVIEW 188
10.1 DRIVERS 190
10.1.1 RISING DEMAND FOR CONVENIENCE FOOD AND READY-TO-EAT FOOD ITEMS 190
10.1.2 RISE IN DEMAND FOR FOOD PRODUCTS WITH BETTER QUALITY AND INCREASED SHELF LIFE 190
10.1.3 INCREASE IN DEMAND FOR ANTI-CAKING AGENTS IN SPICES AND CONDIMENTS 191
10.1.4 MULTIFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTI-CAKING AGENTS 191
10.2 RESTRAINTS 192
10.2.1 STRINGENT RULES AND REGULATIONS ON ANTI-CAKING AGENTS 192
10.2.2 MANUFACTURERS LIMITING USAGE OF ADDITIVES FALLING UNDER THE E-NUMBER CATEGORY 192
10.3 OPPORTUNITIES 193
10.3.1 INCREASING NANO-TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN FOOD ANTI-CAKING AGENTS 193
10.3.2 MANUFACTURERS LAUNCHING NEW AND INNOVATIVE ANTI-CAKING AGENTS 193
10.3.3 RISING DEMAND FOR ORGANIC ANTI-CAKING AGENTS 194
10.4 CHALLENGES 194
10.4.1 INCREASING HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO EXCESSIVE USE OF ANTI-CAKING AGENTS 194
10.4.2 IMPACT OF ANTI-CAKING AGENTS ON NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FOOD ITEMS 195
11 ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET, BY TYPE 196
11.1 OVERVIEW 197
11.2 SILICON COMPOUNDS 198
11.2.1 SILICON DIOXIDE 200
11.2.2 CALCIUM SILICATE 200
11.2.3 ALUMINUM SILICATE 200
11.2.4 SODIUM ALUMINOSILICATE 200
11.2.5 POTASSIUM ALUMINUM SILICATE 201
11.2.6 CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE 201
11.2.7 POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE 201
11.3 MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE 201
11.3.1 POWDERED CELLULOSE 203
11.3.2 TALCUM POWDER 203
11.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS 203
11.4.1 CALCIUM CARBONATES 204
11.4.2 TRI CALCIUM PHOSPHATE 205
11.4.3 CALCIUM FERROCYANIDE 205
11.4.4 CALCIUM PHOSPHATE 205
11.5 SODIUM COMPOUNDS 205
11.5.1 SODIUM BICARBONATE 207
11.5.2 SODIUM FERROCYANIDE 207
11.6 MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS 207
11.6.1 MAGNESIUM CARBONATE 209
11.6.2 MAGNESIUM STEARATE 209
11.6.3 MAGNESIUM OXIDE 209
11.6.4 MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE 209
11.6.5 MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 209
11.7 OTHERS 209
11.7.1 ZEOLITES 210
11.7.2 BENTONITE 210
11.7.3 STEARIC ACID 210
11.7.4 OTHERS 210
12 ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET, BY SOURCE 211
12.1 OVERVIEW 212
12.2 SYNTHETIC/ARTIFICIAL AGENTS 213
12.3 NATURAL AGENTS 214
13 ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET, BY PRODUCT CATEGORY 216
13.1 OVERVIEW 217
13.2 NON GMO 218
13.3 GMO 220
14 ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET, BY FORM 221
14.1 OVERVIEW 222
14.2 POWDER 223
14.3 LIQUID 224
15 ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATION 226
15.1 OVERVIEW 227
15.2 CONFECTIONARY 229
15.2.1 CONFECTIONARY, BY TYPE 230
15.2.1.1 CHOCOLATE 230
15.2.1.2 HARD & SOFT CANDY 230
15.2.1.3 TOFFEES 231
15.2.1.4 CARAMEL & NOUGATS 231
15.2.1.5 GUMS& JELLY 231
15.2.1.6 CREAM FILLINGS 231
15.2.1.7 OTHERS 231
15.3 BAKERY PRODUCTS 231
15.3.1 BAKERY PRODUCTS, BY TYPE 232
15.3.1.1 BREAD AND ROLLS 233
15.3.1.2 CAKES AND PASTRIES 233
15.3.1.3 BISCUITS 233
15.3.1.4 MUFFINS 233
15.3.1.5 COOKIES 233
15.3.1.6 DOUGHNUTS 233
15.3.1.7 OTHERS 233
15.4 DAIRY PRODUCTS 234
15.4.1 DAIRY PRODUCTS, BY TYPE 235
15.4.1.1 CHEESE 236
15.4.1.1.1 SHREDDED CHEESE 236
15.4.1.1.2 CUBED CHEESE 236
15.4.1.1.3 HIGH MOISTURE CRUMBLED CHEESE 236
15.4.1.2 ICE-CREAM 237
15.4.1.2.1 IMPULSE ICE-CREAM 237
15.4.1.2.2 TAKE HOME ICE-CREAM 237
15.4.1.3 MILK POWDER 237
15.4.1.4 DAIRY SPREAD 237
15.4.1.5 YOGURT 237
15.4.1.6 OTHERS 238
15.5 CONVENIENCE FOOD 238
15.5.1 CONVENIENCE FOOD, BY TYPE 239
15.5.1.1 PIZZA 240
15.5.1.2 READY TO EAT PRODUCTS 240
15.5.1.3 PASTA 240
15.5.1.4 NOODLES 240
15.5.1.5 SOUPS & SAUCES 240
15.5.1.6 SEASONINGS & DRESSINGS 240
15.5.1.7 NUTS 240
15.5.1.8 SEEDS 240
15.5.1.9 PREMIXES 240
15.5.1.10 TRAIL MIXES 240
15.5.1.11 OTHERS 240
15.6 DIETARY NUTRITION 241
15.7 SPORT NUTRITION 242
15.8 PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS 243
15.8.1 PROCESSED MEAT, BY TYPE 244
15.8.1.1 BEEF 244
15.8.1.2 PORK 244
15.8.1.3 POULTRY 244
15.8.1.4 SWINE 245
15.8.1.5 MUTTON 245
15.8.1.6 OTHERS 245
15.9 BEVERAGES 245
15.9.1 BEVERAGES, BY TYPE 246
15.9.1.1 RTD BEVERAGES 247
15.10 SOUPS AND SAUCES 248
15.11 SEASONINGS AND CONDIMENTS 249
15.12 INFANT FORMULA 250
15.13 OTHERS 251
15.13.1 OTHERS, BY TYPE 252
15.13.1.1 SPICES POWDERED 252
15.13.1.2 HERBS EXTRACTS POWDERED 252
16 ASIA PACIFIC FOOD ANTI CAKING AGENTS MARKET, BY REGION 253
16.1 ASIA-PACIFIC 254
16.1.1 CHINA 275
16.1.2 INDIA 290
16.1.3 JAPAN 304
16.1.4 THAILAND 318
16.1.5 SOUTH KOREA 333
16.1.6 INDONESIA 347
16.1.7 MALAYSIA 361
16.1.8 AUSTRALIA 375
16.1.9 PHILIPPINES 389
16.1.10 NEW ZEALAND 403
16.1.11 VIETNAM 417
16.1.12 TAIWAN 431
16.1.13 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC 445
17 COMPANY LANDSCAPE 446
17.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: ASIA PACIFIC 446
18 SWOT ANALYSIS 447
19 COMPANY PROFILE 448
19.1 EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG 448
19.1.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 448
19.1.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 448
19.1.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 449
19.1.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 449
19.1.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 450
19.2 PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. 451
19.2.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 451
19.2.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 451
19.2.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 452
19.2.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 452
19.2.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 452
19.3 PQ 454
19.3.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 454
19.3.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 454
19.3.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 455
19.3.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 455
19.3.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 456
19.4 W.R. GRACE & CO.-CONN 457
19.4.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 457
19.4.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 457
19.4.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 458
19.4.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 458
19.4.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 458
19.5 ALLIED BLENDING 460
19.5.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 460
19.5.2 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS 460
19.5.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 461
19.5.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 461
19.6 ANMOL CHEMICALS 462
19.6.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 462
19.6.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 462
19.6.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 462
19.7 ASTTRA CHEMICALS 463
19.7.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 463
19.7.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 463
19.7.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 463
19.8 BIMAL PHARMA PVT. LTD. 464
19.8.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 464
19.8.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 464
19.8.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 464
19.9 CELLULOSE MANUFACTURER- ANKIT PULPS 465
19.9.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 465
19.9.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 465
19.9.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 465
19.10 FOODCHEM INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 466
19.10.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 466
19.10.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 466
19.10.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 467
19.11 FUJI CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO., LTD. 468
19.11.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 468
19.11.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 468
19.11.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 468
19.12 HEFEI TNJ CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD. 469
19.12.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 469
19.12.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 469
19.12.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 469
19.13 HUBER ENGINEERED MATERIALS 470
19.13.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 470
19.13.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 470
19.13.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 470
19.14 JELU-WERK J. EHRLER GMBH & CO. KG 471
19.14.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 471
19.14.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 471
19.14.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 471
19.15 JINSHA PRECIPITATED SILICA MANUFACTURING CO., LTD. 472
19.15.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 472
19.15.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 472
19.15.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 472
19.16 KONOSHIMA CHEMICAL CO., LTD. 473
19.16.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 473
19.16.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 473
19.16.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 474
19.16.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 474
19.17 MUBY CHEMICALS 475
19.17.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 475
19.17.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 475
19.17.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 475
19.18 NB ENTREPRENEURS 476
19.18.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 476
19.18.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 476
19.18.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 476
19.19 RANQ 477
19.19.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 477
19.19.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 477
19.19.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 477
19.20 REGOJ CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES 478
19.20.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 478
19.20.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 478
19.20.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 478
19.21 REMEDY LABS GROUP 479
19.21.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 479
19.21.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 479
19.21.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 479
19.22 SAPTHAGIRI AROMATICS 480
19.22.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 480
19.22.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 480
19.22.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 480
19.23 SBF PHARMA 481
19.23.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 481
19.23.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 481
19.23.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 481
19.24 SIGACHI INDUSTRIES 482
19.24.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 482
19.24.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 482
19.24.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 483
19.24.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 483
19.25 SINTHESIS GREENCHEM PVT. LTD. 484
19.25.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 484
19.25.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 484
19.25.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 484
19.26 SOLVAY 485
19.26.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT 485
19.26.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS 486
19.26.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 486
19.26.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 486
20 QUESTIONNAIRE 488
21 RELATED REPORTS 491
Content is provided by our partners and every effort is made to make Market Report details as clear as possible. If you are not sure the exact content you require is included in this study you can Contact us to double check. To do this you can:
Use the ‘? ASK A QUESTION’ below the license / prices and to the right of this box. This will come directly to our team who will work on dealing with your request as soon as possible.
Write to directly on support@scotts-international.com with details. Please include as much information as possible including the name of report or link so our staff will be able to work on you request.
Telephone us directly on 0048 603 394 346 and an experienced member of team will be on hand to answer.
With the vast majority of our partners we can obtain Sample Pages to support your decision. This is something we can arrange without revealing your personal details.
It is important to note that we will not be able to provide you the exact data or statistics such as Market Size and Forecasts. Sample pages usually confirm the layout or the Categories included in Charts and Graphs, excluding specific data.
To ask for Sample Pages by contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
Whilst we try to make our online platform as easy to use as possible there is always the possibility that a better alternative has not been found in your search.
To avoid this possibility Contact us through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346 and a Senior Team Member can review your requirements and send a list of possibilities with opinions and recommendations.
All prices are set by our partners and should be exactly the same as those listed on their own websites. We work on a Revenue share basis ensuring that you never pay more than what is offered elsewhere.
Should you find the price cheaper on another platform we recommend you to Contact us as we should be able to match this price. You can Contact us though through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
As we work in close partnership with our Partners from time to time we can secure discounts and assist with negotiations, this is part of our personalised service to you.
Discounts can sometimes be arranged for speedily placed orders; multiple report purchases or Higher License purchases.
To check if a Discount is possible please Contact our experienced team through ‘? ASK A QUESTION’, support@scotts-international.com, or by telephoning 0048 603 394 346.
Most Market Reports on our platform are listed in USD or EURO based on the wishes of our Partners. To avoid currency fluctuations and potential price differentiations we do not offer the possibility to change the currency online.
Should you wish to pay in a different currency to that advertised online we do accept payments in USD, EURO, GBP and PLN. The price will be calculated based on the relevant exchange rate taken from our National Bank.
To pay in a different above currency to that advertised online please Contact our team and a quotation will be sent within a couple of hours with payment details.
License options vary from Partner to Partner as is usually based on the number of Users that will benefitting from the report. It is very important that License ordered is not breached as this could have potential negative consequences for you individually or your employer.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
The Global Site License is the most comprehensive license available. By selecting this license, the Market Report can be shared with other ‘Allowed Users’ and any other member of staff from the same organisation regardless of geographic location.
It is important to note that this may exclude Parent Companies or Subsidiaries.
If you have questions or need confirmation about the specific license we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
The most common format is PDF, however in certain circumstances data may be present in Excel format or Online, especially in the case of Database or Directories. In addition, for certain higher license options a CD may also be provided.
If you have questions or need clarification about the specific formats we recommend you to Contact us and a detailed explanation will be provided.
Delivery is fulfilled by our partners directly. Once an order has been placed we inform the partner by sharing the delivery email details given in the order process.
Delivery is usually made within 24 hours of an order being placed, however it may take longer should your order be placed prior to the weekend or if otherwise specified on the Market Report details page. Additionally, if details have been not fully completed in the Order process a delay in delivery is possible.
If a delay in delivery is expected you will be informed about it immediately.
As most Market Reports are delivered in PDF format we almost never have to add additional Shipping Charges. If, however you are ordering a Higher License service or a specific delivery format (e.g. CD version) charges may apply.
If you are concerned about additional Shipping Charges we recommend you to Contact us to double check.
We work in Partnership with PayU to ensure payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way. PayU is the e-payments division of Naspers.
Naspers operates in over 133 International Markets and ranks 3rd Globally in terms of the number of e-commerce customers served.
For more information on PayU please visit: https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us
If you require an invoice prior to payment, this is possible. To ensure a speedy delivery of the Market Report we require all relevant company details and you agree to maximum payment terms of 30 days from receipt of order.
With our regular clients deliver of the Market Report can be made prior to receiving payment, however in some circumstances we may ask for payment to be received before arranging for the Market Report to be delivered.
We have specifically partnered with leading International companies to protect your privacy by using different technologies and processes to ensure security.
Everything submitted to Scotts International is encrypted via SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and all personal information provided to Scotts International is stored on computer systems with limited access in controlled environments.
We partner with PayU (https://www.payu.pl/en/about-us) to ensure all credit card payments are made securely in a fast and effortless way.
PayU offers 250+ various payment channels and eWallet services across 4 continents allowing buyers to pay electronically, whether on a computer or a mobile device.